Table 3.

Use of co-solvents in homogeneous acidic catalysed methanolysis.

Co- solvent	Catalyst	Reactor type	Feedstock	Pre- treatment	Reaction conditions							Yield (wt.%e)	Ref.
					Co-solvent amount (wt.%a,b, v.%c, mol%d)	Catalyst amount (wt.%a)	MeOH/oil molar ratio	Time (min)	T (°C)	Stirrer (rpm)	Special conditions
DME	PTSA	Oscillated vial	Corn oil	–	176 v.%	4	10:01	120	80	shaking 2.6 Hz	500 kPa	97.1	[64]
MTBE	H2SO4	STR	PFAD	–	39 v.% (25 wt%a)	10	7:1	70	55	300	–	96.80	[65]
n-hexane	H2SO4	STR	BSFL powder	1	50 v.%	1.2 ml	12 ml MeOH	90	120	N/S	–	94.14	[66]
			Jatropha curcas L. seeds	2	10 v.%	15	7.5 ml/g	24 h	60			99.80	[67]
THF	AlCl3	STR	Canola oil	–	90 v.% (100 wt%b)	5	24:1	18 h	110	N/S	–	98f	[68]
	H2SO4	Vial	Chlorella vulgaris microalgae lipid		50 v.% (25 mol%)	21	60:1	180	60	-g		95	[69]
		Oscillated flask	Coconut meat	2	40 v.%	25% (v/wt.)	60:1	N/S	60	shaking		96.7	[70]

Reduction in particle size.

1. (<0.25 mm).

2. (<0.355 mm).

^aregarding the oil weight.

^bregarding methanol weight.

^cregarding the MeOH volume.

^dregarding mole MeOH.

^e%FAME yield.

^f% oil conversion.

^gno agitation.