Table 1.
Comparison of urinary system microfluidic models.
| Organ | Cell types | Hydrogel/Coating material | Fabrication technique | Microenvironment | Design | Reference/Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glomerular |
iPSC; Cell line: human glomerular endothelial cells |
Porous flexible PDMS membrane | Stereolithography, PDMS | FSS and cyclic mechanical strain | Hollow chambers on either side of the central microfluidic channels | Musah Samira [38] |
| Glomerular | Primary cell: glomerular microtissues | Matrigel | Soft lithography and micromolding, PDMS | FSS, Basement membrane | Crescent microstructures, capillary channels, | Li Wang [60] |
| Renal proximal Tubule/Blood Vessel-on-a-Chip | Cell line: Human RPTEC, HUVEC | Type 1 collagen | Commercial: OrganoPlate 3-lane | Oxygen concentration, perfusion flow, and nutrients | Capillary pinning | Vormann MK [68] |
| Renal proximal tubule |
Cell line: HK-2; Primary cell: RPTEC |
Collagen IV | Hot-embossing meth， photolithography and reactive ion etching | Topography | Polycarbonate membrane | Else M Frohlich [71] |
| Prostate |
Cell line: BCaP-NT, BCaP-M1; Primary cell: fibroblast. |
Rat-tail collagen type 1 | Soft-lithography, PDMS | Tumor microenvironment | Microcolumn | Kerr SC [59] |
| Prostate | Cell line: PrECs, HPrS1s | Polyester porous membrane | Soft-lithography, PDMS | FSS | Polyester porous membrane | L Jiang [65] |
| Bladder | Cell line: CAFs and bladder cancer cells | Metrigel | Lithography | Cytokines | Microcolumn | Haoqing Shi [105] |
Abbreviations: BCaP, BPH-1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) cells; PrECs, prostate basal epithelial cells; HPrS1s, human prostate stromal cells; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; Human RPTEC, Kidney PTEC Control Cells; HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; HK-2, human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cell line; RPTEC, renal proximal tubule epithelial cells; PDMS, Polydimethylsiloxane.