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. 2023 Feb 4;22:26. doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01714-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Effect of immunotherapy on Tregs. Several ICIs and other treatments can directly affect the number and function of regulatory T cells consequently, improving anti-tumoral function and preventing tumor growth. Some treatments act by reducing the number of Tregs (by antibody dependent cellular citotoxicity, ADCC) while others affect their suppressive activity or positively modulate the functions of CD8 T, NK cells and dendritic cells. The modulation towards pro-inflammatory cytokines and the increase in the CD4 + effector/Treg ratio are other mechanisms by which immunotherapy can potentiate the immune response within the tumor microenvironment. Created with Biorender.com