Table 3.
The applications of BMVs in infectious diseases.
| Types | Sources | Regimens | Antigens/Drugs | Targets | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-negative | |||||
| OMVs | Vibrio cholerae | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Vibrio cholerae | [154] |
| Escherichia coli | Vaccination | Genetically engineering of exogeneous FhuD2/ Csa1A/LukE/ SpAkkaa/ Hla | Staphylococcus aureus | [155] | |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Vaccination | Genetically overexpression of cjaA | Campylobacter jejuni | [156] | |
| Escherichia coli | Vaccination | Genetically engineering of SpyCEP/StrepO/ Spy0269/SAM1372/R-TEM b-lac | Streptoccus pyogenes | [157] | |
| Yersinia pestis | Vaccination | Genetically overexpression of LcrV | Yersinia pestis | [158] | |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs with LPS detoxification | Neisseria meningitidis | [159] | |
| Burkholderia pseuomallei | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Burkholderia pseuomallei | [160] | |
| Edwardsiella tarda | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Edwardsiella tarda | [161] | |
| Salmonella typhimurium | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Falmonella enterritidis; Escheerichia coli | [162] | |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Burkholderia pseudomallei | [163] | |
| Escherichia coli | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Escherichia coli | [164] | |
| Burkholderia pseuomallei | Vaccination | Condition tuned OMVs; Intracellular-stage proteins | Burkholderia pseuomallei | [165] | |
| Acinetobacter baumanni | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs with LPS detoxification | Acinetobacter baumanni | [166] | |
| Gallibacterium anatis | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs Hydrostatic filtration | Gallibacterium anatis | [167] | |
| Helicobater pylori | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Helicobater pylori | [168] | |
| Escherichia coli | Vaccination | ESTA6, Ag85BN, Ag85BC Rv2660c | Escherichia coli | [112] | |
| Cystobacter ferrugineus | Therapy | Anti-microbial potency | Cystobacter ferrugineus | [146] | |
| Cystobacter velatus | Therapy | Anti-microbial potency | Escherichia coli | [147] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Therapy | In vivo gentamicin loading | Burkholderia cepacia | [123] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Therapy | Loading ceftriaxone, amikacin, azithromycin, ampicillin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin by incubation | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [125] | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Therapy | BSA nanoparticle cloaking | Klebsiella pneumoniae | [169] | |
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | Therapy | Nano decoy | Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | [170] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Therapy | Loading gentamicin via incubation | Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [122] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Therapy | Loading gentamicin via incubation | Bacillus subtilis; Staphylococcus aureus | [171] | |
| Buttiauxella. agrestis | Therapy | Loading gentamicin via incubation | Buttiauxella agrestis, Escherichia coli | [124] | |
| Helicobater pylori | As adjuvant | Not appliable | Helicobater pylori | [172] | |
| Escherichia coli | Therapy | Rifampicin-loaded nanoparticle coating | Escherichia coli | [151] | |
| IMVs | Escherichia coli | Vaccination | Genetical engineering of OmpA | Escherichia coli | [51] |
| DMVs | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs; Prepared by nitrogen cavitation | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [37] |
| Gram-positive | |||||
| BMVs | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Vaccination | Natural PAMPs | Enterococcus faecium | [150] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Therapy | Vancomycin-loaded nanoparticle cloaking | Staphylococcus aureus | [173] | |
Note: BMVs, bacterial membrane vesicles; OMVs, outer membrane vesicles; IMVs, inner membrane vesicles; DMVs, double membrane vesicles; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; BSA, bovine serum albumin; Hbp, hemoglobin protease.