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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Nov 4;156:594–601. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.069

Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Information for the Schizophrenia and Bipolar Participant Samples.

Schizophrenia
(n = 126)
Bipolar Disorder
(n = 114)
Statistics, p
Age [M (SD)] 41.91 (10.74) 38.45 (11.69) t = 2.38, .018
Sex (% Female) 49% 68% χ2 = 8.05, .02
Racial status χ2 = 22.24, < .001
 White (%) 35% 57%
 Black (%) 52% 24%
 Other (%) 17% 19%
Ethnicity (% Hispanic) 22% 27% χ2 = 0.62, .43
Education (years) [M (SD)] 12.67 (2.39) 14.23 (2.42) t = 5.02, < .001
Mother’s education (years) [M (SD)] 12.67 (3.16) 13.77 (3.23) t = 2.59, .007
Employment χ2 = 14.07, < .001
 Full Time (%) 8% 27%
 Part Time (%) 22% 24%
Unemployed/disabled (%) 70% 49%
Unemployed for more than 12 months (%) 87% 76% χ2 = 4.01, .045
MADRS [M (SD)] 10.71 (10.86) 13.40 (10.57) t = 1.93, .055
YMRS [M (SD)] 1.01 (3.48) 3.15 (4.63) t = 4.06, < .001
PANSS [M (SD)]
 Positive symptoms 15.88 (5.04) 10.32 (4.23) t = 10.10, < .001
 Reduced experience 6.23 (4.08) 4.69 (2.21) t = 4.82, < .001
 Reduced expression 5.99 (2.46) 4.76 (2.29) t = 3.97, < 001

Note. MADRS = Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale, PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.