TABLE 3.
Hospital-level analysis of pharmacologic restraint use between hospitals
| Effect | Level | Number of hospitals | Median [IQR] adjusteda rate | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average daily census | <125 | 3 | 229.5 [111.5, 243.5] | .313 |
| 126–200 | 14 | 168.5 [123, 204.4] | ||
| 201–300 | 25 | 189.5 [150.1, 225.1] | ||
| 301+ | 7 | 134.2 [95.7, 214.4] | ||
| Hospital region | Midwest | 14 | 146.3 [119.6, 196] | .106 |
| Northeast | 6 | 110.3 [103.6, 184.7] | ||
| South | 17 | 179.9 [151.7, 214.4] | ||
| West | 12 | 215 [137.6, 228.1] | ||
| Mental health encountersb (as a total of inpatient/observation encounters) | Q1 | 12 | 185.6 [107.6, 223.7] | .099 |
| Q2 | 12 | 167 [138.2, 255.3] | ||
| Q3 | 13 | 190.8 [151.7, 243.5] | ||
| Q4 | 12 | 141.5 [91.1, 177.3] | ||
| Presence of inpatient psychiatric unit | No | 21 | 182.9 [136.4, 226.6] | .460 |
| Yes | 28 | 159.5 [119.6, 206.8] |
Abbreviations: CCC, complex chronic conditions; DSM-V, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition; H-RISK, Hospitalization Resource Intensity Scores for K; ICU, intensive care unit.
a
Covarities adjusted for include DSM-V category, CCC, ICU stay, length of stay, H-RISK, age, sex, payor, and hospital disposition.
b
Quartile 1 is the bottom quartile of the number of mental health encounters and quartile 4 is the top quartile.