Table 3.

Determinants of HRQoL (in terms of problems (0 = no problem; 1 = any problem) in the EQ-5D dimensions and problems with any dimension). Results of conditional FE logistic regressions (ECOS; wave 1 to wave 9)

Independent variables	Mobility	Self-care	Usual activities	Pain/discomfort	Anxiety/depression	Any problem
Age	1.05***	1.05***	1.03**	1.01 +	1.00	1.00
	(1.03–1.07)	(1.03–1.08)	(1.01–1.05)	(1.00–1.03)	(0.98–1.02)	(0.98–1.02)
Education:-Middle (Ref.: low education)	0.98	1.34*	0.83*	1.13	0.98	0.96
	(0.82–1.17)	(1.06–1.69)	(0.69–0.99)	(0.96–1.33)	(0.84–1.15)	(0.80–1.14)
High	1.12	1.75***	0.87	1.11	0.94	0.79*
	(0.89–1.42)	(1.30–2.34)	(0.69–1.09)	(0.89–1.37)	(0.77–1.16)	(0.64–0.99)
Professional group:-Education (Ref.: Health-related sector)	1.20	0.80	1.02	1.18	1.14	1.08
	(0.86–1.67)	(0.54–1.19)	(0.74–1.42)	(0.88–1.59)	(0.85–1.53)	(0.79–1.47)
Food retail	1.22	0.87	0.99	1.34 +	1.20	1.31
	(0.85–1.74)	(0.57–1.34)	(0.69–1.41)	(0.97–1.84)	(0.87–1.65)	(0.93–1.86)
Research	1.44 +	0.84	1.17	1.34	1.01	1.40 +
	(0.94–2.20)	(0.52–1.38)	(0.78–1.75)	(0.93–1.93)	(0.70–1.45)	(0.95–2.08)
Other	1.18	0.92	1.16	1.26*	1.03	1.10
	(0.92–1.51)	(0.67–1.25)	(0.91–1.47)	(1.01–1.57)	(0.83–1.28)	(0.87–1.39)
Income (ability to make ends meet):-With great difficulty (Ref.: easily)	1.25 +	1.74***	1.64***	1.58***	1.99***	2.05***
	(0.97–1.62)	(1.28–2.36)	(1.28–2.11)	(1.26–1.99)	(1.58–2.50)	(1.59–2.64)
With some difficulty	1.22 +	1.52**	1.39**	1.23*	1.48***	1.45***
	(1.00–1.50)	(1.18–1.95)	(1.13–1.70)	(1.04–1.46)	(1.25–1.75)	(1.22–1.72)
Fairly easily	1.07	1.26*	1.14	1.10	1.17*	1.13 +
	(0.90–1.28)	(1.00–1.57)	(0.95–1.36)	(0.96–1.27)	(1.01–1.34)	(0.98–1.30)
Infection with the novel coronavirus:-Yes, confirmed (Ref.: no)	1.59***	1.72***	1.59***	1.09	1.04	1.01
	(1.29–1.97)	(1.35–2.20)	(1.28–1.96)	(0.91–1.32)	(0.85–1.26)	(0.82–1.25)
Yes, but not yet confirmed	1.78***	1.54**	1.69***	1.76***	1.28 +	1.66***
	(1.36–2.34)	(1.14–2.08)	(1.30–2.21)	(1.36–2.28)	(1.00–1.66)	(1.24–2.22)
Don’t know	1.16 +	0.92	1.18*	1.21**	1.21**	1.33***
	(0.99–1.36)	(0.74–1.13)	(1.02–1.37)	(1.06–1.37)	(1.06–1.38)	(1.15–1.53)
Own risk of getting infected with the coronavirus (from 1 = no risk at all to 5 = very high risk)	0.97	1.07 +	1.01	1.03	1.01	1.03
	(0.91–1.04)	(0.99–1.16)	(0.95–1.07)	(0.97–1.08)	(0.96–1.07)	(0.97–1.09)
Risk to one’s own health from COVID-19 (from 1 = no risk at all to 5 = very high risk)	1.18***	1.13**	1.12***	1.13***	1.07*	1.10**
	(1.11–1.26)	(1.05–1.23)	(1.06–1.20)	(1.07–1.19)	(1.01–1.13)	(1.04–1.17)
Risk to the health of one’s own family members from COVID-19 (from 1 = no risk at all to 5 = very high risk)	0.98	0.98	0.97	1.01	1.07*	1.03
	(0.92–1.04)	(0.91–1.06)	(0.92—1.03)	(0.96–1.07)	(1.01–1.12)	(0.97–1.09)
Risk to the health of people in one’s own community from COVID-19 (from 1 = no risk at all to 5 = very high risk)	0.99	0.96	0.98	0.96	1.04	1.01
	(0.93–1.05)	(0.89–1.04)	(0.93–1.04)	(0.92–1.02)	(0.98–1.09)	(0.96–1.07)
COVID-19 stringency index (from 0 to 100, with 100 = strictest))	1.00	1.00*	1.00*	1.01***	1.02***	1.02***
	(1.00–1.00)	(0.99–1.00)	(1.00–1.01)	(1.01–1.01)	(1.01–1.02)	(1.01–1.02)
Observations	14,962	9110	15,367	21,196	21,148	19,612
Number of Individuals	3058	1886	3215	4378	4306	3974
Pseudo R2	0.009	0.016	0.008	0.008	0.019	0.019

Odds ratios are reported; 95% CI intervals in parentheses; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, + p < 0.10; Listwise deletion was used to handle missing values