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. 2023 Feb 5;27:7. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00349-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Effects of hybrid scaffolds on BMSC migration in vitro and in vivo. A Structure of the Transwell assay and images of crystalline violet staining for the control group, ECM scaffold group and ECM/GDF-5 scaffold group; B Confocal images of endogenous MSC migration in the defect area at 2 weeks after surgery; C Statistics of the total number of migrating cells in the Transwell assays (n = 3); D Number of double-positive (CD90 and CD105) MSCs at defect sites in vivo (n = 3). Statistical analysis: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001