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. 2023 Feb 5;27:7. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00349-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — GDF-5 promoted BMSC chondrogenic differentiation by upregulating the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and P38. A Immunofluorescence detection of p-Erk1/2 and p-P38. (F-actin: green, nucleus: blue, and protein: red). Scale bars are 25 μm. Quantitative analysis of the average optical density of fluorescence images. Data are presented as the means ± SDs (n = 3); B WB analysis of the expression levels of Erk 1/2, p-Erk 1/2 and p-P38 and quantitative analysis of the expression levels of Smad 2/3, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3. Data are presented as the means ± SDs (n = 3); C Statistics of the total number of migrating cells in the Transwell assays (n = 3); D Expression of SOX 9, ACAN, COL II, COL I and COL X in SMSCs on hybrid ECM scaffolds (n = 3). Statistical analysis: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001