Table 2. Detailed Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants in Studies 1–4.
| Characteristic | Study 1, April 7, 2020 (n = 396) | Study 2, April 30, 2020 (n = 399) | Study 3, July 28, 2020 (n = 432) | Study 4, Feb 22, 2021 (n = 474) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Note. — = Were not measured in a particular study. Sociodemographic variables for Study 5 (n = 454) are reported in the text. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease. | ||||
| a It is not possible to confirm whether someone has COVID-19 without a medical test; these tests are not widely offered in the U.K., so participants were only able to self-report symptoms. | ||||
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Less than high school | 2% | 1% | 1% | 0.2% |
| High school diploma | 36% | 33% | 38% | 32% |
| Bachelor’s degree | 40% | 44% | 38% | 43% |
| Master’s degree | 16% | 16% | 15% | 19% |
| Other | 4% | 7% | 8% | 6% |
| Personal income | ||||
| ≤£10,000 | 23% | 29% | 29% | 24% |
| £10,000–£20,000 | 21% | 18% | 19% | 21% |
| £20,000–£30,000 | 20% | 18% | 19% | 22% |
| £30,000–£40,000 | 12% | 13% | 9% | 14% |
| £40,000–£60,000 | 10% | 7% | 8% | 7% |
| >£60,000 | 3% | 4% | 4% | 4% |
| Did not disclose | 10% | 11% | 12% | 9% |
| Political preferences | ||||
| Labor | 35% | 37% | 33% | 37% |
| Conservative | 28% | 20% | 18% | 15% |
| Liberal democrat | 9% | 11% | 7% | 8% |
| U.K. independence party | 2% | 1% | 1% | 0.4% |
| Green party | 7% | 11% | 10% | 9% |
| Other party | 4% | 4% | 5% | 4% |
| No preference | 12% | 11% | 19% | 18% |
| Did not disclose | 5% | 6% | 7% | 8% |
| Employment | ||||
| Unemployed | 32% | 32% | 33% | 26% |
| Working from home due to COVID-19 | 32% | 28% | 18% | 30% |
| Usually working from home | 12% | 9% | 5% | 8% |
| Working as normal | 10% | 10% | 35% | 26% |
| Not able to work (other reasons) | 15% | 21% | 9% | 11% |
| Health symptoms | ||||
| Experiencing COVID-19-like symptomsa | 3% | 2.5% | — | — |
| No COVID-19 symptoms | 96% | 96.5% | — | — |
| Did not disclose | 1% | 1% | — | — |
| Living restrictions | — | — | ||
| Practicing social distancing | 75% | 75% | — | — |
| Under self-quarantine | 21% | 17% | — | — |
| No restrictions | 4% | 8% | — | — |
| Risk category | ||||
| At higher risk from COVID-19 | — | — | 12% | 15% |
| Not at higher risk from COVID-19 | — | — | 78% | 77% |
| Not sure | — | — | 8% | 8% |
| Did not disclose | — | — | 2% | 1% |