. 2000 Jun;64(2):281–315. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.64.2.281-315.2000

TABLE 3.

Genes involved in mtDNA transcription and translation

Gene^a	Protein functions^e	Type of mutation	Petite production	Reference^j
RPO41^c (NE)	mtRNA polymerase	Disruption	rho⁰^h	112
		Disruption	rho⁻ and rho⁰^h	90
MTF1/mtTFB^b (NE)	Mitochondrial transcription factor	Disruption	rho⁻ and/or rho⁰^h	188
MST1^b (NE)	Mitochondrial tRNA^Thr synthetase	Disruption	rho⁻^f^g	213 ^k
MSW^b (NE)	Mitochondrial tRNA^Trp synthetase	Disruption	rho⁻^f^g	213 ^k
tufM^d (NE)	Mitochondrial elongation factor	Disruption	rho⁻^f^g	213 ^k
MRP1^b (NE)	Mitochondrial r-protein	Disruption	rho⁻^f^g	213 ^k

to j See Table 1 footnotes.

Many other reports (too numerous to be quoted) have confirmed the conclusions of Myers et al. (213) that stringent mutations in all (mitochondrial and nuclear) genes required for mitochondrial translation lead to high frequencies of rho⁻ production.