Table 5.
Interventions and dosages of “standard care” (SC) for dysphagia used in control groups or as co-interventions
| Study | Study groups | Interventions provided in standard care | Dosage of standard care | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensity | Frequency | Duration | |||
| Choi et al. (2017) [47] | Shaker vs SC | Orofacial muscle exercises, thermal–tactile stimulation and therapeutic or compensatory manoeuvres | 30 min | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Choi et al. (2020) [58] | Jaw opening exercise + SC vs Shaker + SC | Oral–facial massage, thermal–tactile stimulation, and various compensatory training exercises | 30 min | 5x/wk | 6 wks |
| Eom et al. (2017) [64] | EMST + SC vs sham EMST + SC | NR | 30 min | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Gao and Zhang (2017b) [31] | Shaker + SC vs CTAR + SC vs SC | Tongue extension and mouth exercises, such as open mouth, click teeth and swallow | 10 reps each | 7x/wk, 3x/day | 6 wks |
| Guillen-Sola et al. (2017) [37] | IEMT + SC vs sham IEMT + NMES + SC vs SC | Education for self-management of dysphagia, swallowing manoeuvres, individualised oral exercises | 3 h | 5x/wk | 3 wks |
| Juan et al. (2013) [27] | Case study: I-PRO therapy + SC | Swallowing-specific manoeuvres (e.g., Mendelsohn), ROM exercises | NR | NR | NR |
| Kim and Park (2019) [71] | Modified CTAR + SC vs SC | Oral facial massage, thermal‐tactile stimulation and various compensatory trainings | 30 min | 5x/wk | 6 wks |
| Kim et al. (2017) [61] | TPRT + SC vs SC | Thermal–tactile stimulation, facial massage and various manoeuvres | NR | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Li et al. (2019) [56] | Balloon dilatation vs acupuncture vs balloon dilatation + acupuncture vs SC | Active lip and tongue movements and resistance exercises, ice stimulation, swallows, respiration training, masticatory muscle training, electrical stimulation | 5 reps each, 10–15 swallows | 5x/wk | 6 wks |
| Liaw et al. (2020) [55] | Respiratory muscle training + SC vs SC | Postural training, breathing control, improving cough technique, checking chest wall mobility, fatigue management, orofacial exercises, thermal–tactile stimulation, Mendelsohn manoeuvre, effortful swallowing or supra-glottic manoeuvre | NR | NR | NR |
| Logemann et al. (2009) [32] | Shaker vs SC | Super-supraglottic swallow, Mendelsohn manoeuvre, BOT exercises (pull and hold tongue back, yawn, gargle and hold tongue in retracted position) | 5 min | 2x/wk (with SP), 10x/day (I) | 6 wks |
| Mepani et al. (2009) [34] | Shaker vs SC | Falsetto, pulling tongue back in the mouth as far as possible, holding extreme yawn position, gargling, holding tongue base position. Super-supraglottic, Mendelsohn and effortful swallow | 1 s hold each ex, 5 sets per day | NR | NR |
| Moon et al. (2017) [50] | EMST vs SC | Orofacial exercises, thermal–tactile stimulation, Mendelsohn manoeuvre, effortful swallow and supraglottic manoeuvre | 30 min | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Moon et al. (2018) [51] | TPSAT + SC vs SC | Mendelsohn manoeuvre, effortful swallow | 30 min | 2x/day, 5x/wk | 8 wks |
| Oh et al. (2017) [74] | Jaw opening exercise + SC | Orofacial muscle massage, palatal bowing stimulation, laryngeal movement and tongue exercises | 30 min | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Park et al. (2015) [49] | Tongue strengthening + SC vs SC | NR | 30 min | 5x/wk | 6 wks |
| Park et al. (2018) [52] | CTAR + SC vs SC | Orofacial muscle exercises, thermal–tactile stimulation, and therapeutic or compensatory manoeuvres | 30 min | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Park et al. (2018) [76] | Lip strengthening + SC | Sensory stimulation, muscle strengthening | NR | NR | NR |
| Park et al. (2019) [72] | Game-based CTAR + SC vs Shaker + SC | Oral facial massage, thermal–tactile stimulation and various compensatory trainings (e.g., head tilting, rotation, chin tuck) | 30 min per day | NRa | 4 wks |
| Park et al. (2019) [62] | Effortful swallowing + SC vs saliva swallowing + SC | Orofacial muscle exercises, thermal–tactile stimulation using ice sticks, expiratory training | 30 min | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Park et al. (2020) [89] | Resistive jaw opening + SC vs placebo + SC | Orofacial muscle exercises, thermal–tactile stimulation, and therapeutic or compensatory manoeuvres | 30 min | 5x/wk | 4 wks |
| Ploumis et al. (2018) [70] | Cervical isometric exercises + SC vs sitting balance exercises + SC | Deglutition muscle strengthening and compensatory techniques | 30 min per day | NRa | 12 wks |
| Wei et al. (2017) [63] | Modified balloon dilatation + SC vs SC | Effortful swallow, Mendelsohn manoeuvre, supraglottic swallow and head rotation |
10 reps each, 30 min |
5x/wk, 2x/day | 3 wks |
| Xing et al. (2019) [44] | Acupuncture + SC vs SC | Tongue and buccinator exercises, breathing exercises, throat muscle exercises | 4 reps each (8 breaths) | NR | 4 wks |
| Zhou et al. (2019) [57] | Nasal feeding indwelling + SC vs intermittent nasal feeding + rehab training | Ice cotton swab cold stimulation, dysphagia treatment device stimulation | 30–40 min | 1x/day | 4 wks |
(I) independently, CTAR chin tuck against resistance, EMST expiratory muscle strength training, ex exercise, IEMT inspiratory expiratory muscle training, NMES neuromuscular electrical stimulation, NR not reported, rehab rehabilitation, reps repetitions, ROM range of motion, s seconds, SC standard care, SP speech pathologist, TPSAT tongue pressure strength and accuracy training, TPRT tongue-to-palate resistance training, UES upper esophageal sphincter, vs versus, wk/s week/s
aStudy stated 30 min per day but did not specify number of days per week