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Metabolic pathways related to hyperglycemia. Polyol and Hexosamine and PKC pathways cause increased ROS production and uptake resulting in increased mitochondrial stress. AGEs and RAGE production inhibits complement activation and macrophage phagocytosis, as well as promote macrophage apoptosis and increased ROS production. This increases oxidative stress, resulting in increased OxLDL. OxLDL causes lysosomal dysfunction and phagocytosis, which promote bacterial spread.
