TABLE 2.

Different large animals for the study of gestational diabetes.

Species	Method	Result	References
Pigs	Alloxan injection	Elevated liver glycogen concentration in offspring of gestational diabetic sows with unaffected prenatal muscle development	Ezekwe and Martin, (1978)
		Maternal diabetes induces increased abundance of IGF-I mRNA in fetal skeletal muscle, liver, heart, kidney and placenta and decreased IGF-I mRNA levels in the brain	Ramsay et al. (1994)
	Streptozotocin injection	The offspring of severely diabetic sows have elevated body lipids, while the offspring of mildly diabetic sows have unaffected body lipids	Ezekwe et al. (1984)
Dogs	High fat/fructose diet	Dogs fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet in late gestation exhibit worsened glucose tolerance and impaired systemic and hepatic insulin sensitivity	Moore et al. (1985)
Sheep	High-fat diet	Fetal insulin is elevated in ewes on a high-fat diet due to increased glucose exposure and cortisol-induced accelerated beta-cell maturation	Ford et al. (2009)
	Streptozotocin injection	Streptozotocin-induced islet beta-cell destruction causes altered maternal glucose and insulin responses and results in elevated fetal glucose, insulin, and body weight levels	Dickinson et al. (1991)
	Alloxan injection	Gestational diabetes mellitus was successfully induced in ewes by alloxan injection, but their fetuses were not significantly affected	Miodovnik et al. (1989)