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. 2023 Jan 23;14:1099246. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1099246

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Copyright © 2023 Belik, Liedes, Vara, Haveri, Pöysti, Kolehmainen, Maljanen, Huttunen, Reinholm, Lundberg, Skön, Österlund, Melin, Hänninen, Hurme, Ivaska, Tähtinen, Lempainen, Kakkola, Jalkanen and Julkunen

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Effector cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 secreted by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulated PBMCs. (A), Secreted cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4) were analyzed from the supernant of DMSO, tetanus toxoid (TET), and SARS-CoV-2 (wt, BA.1, and BA.2) spike protein peptide pool -stimulated PBMCs collected from 32 HCWs. (B), Comparison of the secreted IFN-γ levels at indicated time points. The data are represented as geometric means with geometric SDs. The statistical significances were determined with the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. *p<0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001; ****p <0.0001.