Table 3.

Child self-reported and parent-reported immunization stress-related responses, experiences relative to the last needle and perception about helpfulness of CARD

	Control (n = 71)	CARD (n = 81)	p-value
Child-reported outcomes
Child fear score, Mean (SD) primary outcome	3.7 (3.5)	2.5 (3.1)	0.02
Child fear, N with score > 0 (%)	57 (80)	47 (58)	0.01
Child pain score, Mean (SD)	3.0 (2.5)	2.4 (2.5)	0.15
Child pain, No (%)	36 (51)	26 (32)	0.03
Child dizziness score, Mean (SD)	0.5 (1.5)	0.3 (1.1)	0.44
Child dizziness, N (%)	10 (14)	8 (10)	0.58
Child experience relative to their last needle, Median (25th, 75th centile)	2 (1,2)a	1 (1,2)b	0.01
Child report of how much CARD helped, Median (25th, 75th centile)	N/A	2 (1,3)c*	N/A
Parent-reported outcomes
Child fear score, Mean (SD)	3.5 (3.1)	3.6 (3.1)	0.75
Child fear, N with score > 0 (%)	56 (79)	64 (79)	1.0
Child pain score, Mean (SD)	2.1 (2.0)	1.8 (1.9)	0.35
Child pain, N (%)	40 (56)	32 (40)	0.06
Parent fear score, Mean (SD)	0.9 (2.0)	0.7 (0.9)	0.52
Parent pain, N (%)	19 (29)	23 (27)	0.93
Parent report of child experience relative to the child’s last needle, Median  (25th, 75th centile)	2 (1,2)d	1 (1,2)e	0.05
Parent report of own experience relative to the child’s last needle, Median  (25th, 75th centile)	2 (1,2)d	1 (1,2)f	0.01
Parent report of how much CARD helped, Median (25th, 75th centile)	N/A	3 (1,3)g**	N/A

Groups were compared using Chi-square test t-test or Mann Whitney U test, as appropriate.

Explanation of outcomes (see text for details):

- Fear and pain scored from 0-10; fear and dizziness dichotomized (yes/no) using cut-off of 0; pain dichotomized using cut-off of 2

- Experience relative to last needle rated as 1 = better, 2 = same, 3 = worse

- How much CARD helped rated as 0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderate amount, 3 = a lot Number of responses: an = 45; bn = 48; cn = 50 dn = 68; en = 73; fn = 71; gn = 79.

*46 [92%] of children said it helped.

**74 [91%] of parents said it helped.