TABLE 5.
Types of population labels employed by articles that use different types of data to operationalize ancestry. Because continental and continental region categories are those geographical categories most likely to be conflated with racial categories, we separate out those articles that used a mixed set of labels into those that represented a mixture between these types of label (continent, continental region, and race) from other types of mixtures.
| Population labels used in the operationalization of ancestry | Type(s) of data used to operationalize ancestry N (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetic | Genetic and non-genetic | Non-genetic | Not specified | Total | |
| Continent | 29 (48) | 4 (36) | 15 (36) | 24 (56) | 72 (46) |
| Continental region | 2 (3) | 1 (9) | 4 (10) | 1 (2) | 8 (5) |
| Country | 1 (9) | 3 (7) | 4 (3) | ||
| Ethnicity | 1 (2) | 6 (14) | 3 (7) | 10 (6) | |
| Mixed: just continent, continental region, race | 9 (15) | 2 (18) | 1 (2) | 6 (14) | 17 (11) |
| Mixed: not just continent, continental region, race | 7 (11) | 7 (17) | 7 (16) | 21 (15) | |
| No labels used | 12 (20) | 1 (9) | 1 (2) | 14 (9) | |
| Others | 1 (2) | 2 (18) | 3 (7) | 1 (2) | 7 (4) |
| Race | 3 (7) | 3 (2) | |||
| Total | 61 (100) | 11 (100) | 42 (100) | 43 (100) | 157 (100) |