Table 2.
Potential biomarkers for discriminating samples from ESCC patients and HCs.
| Metabolites | Chemical shift(ppm) | Fold difference | AUC (95%CL) | Related metabolic pathways | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EC/HCs | P value | ||||
| Isoleucine | 0.93-0.95 | 1.14↑ | 0.015 | 0.686 (0.548-0.824) | Amino acid metabolism |
| 1.01-1.03 | 1.25↑ | <0.001 | 0.826 (0.719-0.933) | ||
| Leucine | 0.95-0.98 | 1.27↑ | <0.001 | 0.841 (0.736-0.945) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Valine | 0.99-1.00 | 1.19↑ | 0.001 | 0.765 (0.643-0.886) | Amino acid metabolism |
| 1.03-1.06 | 1.22↑ | <0.001 | 0.775 (0.656-0.894) | ||
| Arginine | 1.65-1.78 | 1.14↑ | 0.001 | 0.719 (0.586-0.829) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Lysine | 3.01-3.03 | 1.06↑ | <0.001 | 0.749 (0.618-0.854) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Glutamate | 2.02-2.10 | 1.24↑ | <0.001 | 0.847 (0.728-0.928) | Glutaminolysis, gluconeogenesis |
| 2.31-2.40 | 1.31↑ | <0.001 | 0.895 (0.787-0.960) | ||
| Asparagine | 2.79-2.99 | 1.15↑ | <0.001 | 0.735 (0.603-0.842) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Choline | 3.20-3.21 | 1.41↑ | <0.001 | 0.795 (0.669-0.890) | Choline metabolism |
| Glycine | 3.56-3.57 | 1.35↑ | <0.001 | 0.860 (0.743-0.937) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Glutamine | 2.10-2.19 | 1.09↓ | 0.003 | 0.710 (0.576-0.822) | Glutaminolysis, gluconeogenesis |
| 4.09-4.14 | 0.95↓ | 0.038 | 0.653 (0.516-0.773) | ||
| Alanine | 1.47-1.50 | 0.83↓ | <0.001 | 0.738 (0.606-0.845) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Pyruvate | 2.47-2.48 | 0.91↓ | 0.039 | 0.652 (0.515-0.772) | TCA cycle activity |
| Citrate | 2.65-2.66 | 0.91↓ | 0.006 | 0.692 (0.557-0.807) | TCA cycle activity |
| Creatine | 3.93-3.94 | 0.90↓ | 0.005 | 0.704 (0.570-0.817) | Energy metabolism |
| Taurine | 3.41-3.44 | 0.91↓ | 0.041 | 0.652 (0.515-0.772) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Myo-inositol | 3.61-3.65 | 0.81↓ | <0.001 | 0.768 (0.639-0.869) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Glucose | 3.80-3.91 | 0.86↓ | 0.011 | 0.681 (0.546-0.798) | Energy metabolism |
| Glutamate* | 2.29-2.36 | 2.44↑ | 0.004 | 0.672 (0.548-0.796) | Glutaminolysis, gluconeogenesis |
| Glycerol* | 3.56-3.64 | 1.21↑ | <0.001 | 0.788 (0.682-0.872) | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Myo-inositol* | 3.59-3.61 | 1.66↑ | <0.001 | 0.798 (0.917-0.998) | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Glucose* | 3.22-3.91 | 1.44↑ | <0.001 | 0.978 (0.917-0.998) | Energy metabolism |
| Glutamine* | 3.76-3.78 | 1.96↓ | <0.001 | 0.955 (0.890-0.987) | Glutaminolysis, gluconeogenesis |
| 2.41-2.46 | 1.52↓ | <0.001 | 0.905 (0.825-0.956) | ||
| Lipid* | 1.53-1.60 | 0.56↓ | <0.001 | 0.922 (0.848-0.968) | Fatty acid metabolism |
| 2.72-2.82 | 0.76↓ | <0.001 | 0.864 (0.777-0.926) | ||
| Lysine* | 2.99-3.02 | 0.61↓ | <0.001 | 0.953 (0.881-0.988) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Creatine* | 3.02-3.04 | 0.79↓ | <0.001 | 0.820 (0.727-0.893) | Energy metabolism |
| 3.91-3.92 | 0.62↓ | <0.001 | 0.956 (0.891-0.988) | ||
| Glycine* | 3.54-3.55 | 0.83↓ | <0.001 | 0.780 (0.673-0.865) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Acetoacetate# | 2.26-2.30 | 1.44↑ | <0.001 | 0.721 (0.609-0.815) | Fatty acid metabolism, TCA cycle |
| Cis-aconitate# | 3.40-3.48 | 1.30↑ | <0.001 | 0.714 (0.602-0.810) | TCA cycle, glyoxylate metabolism |
| Indoleacetate# | 3.70-3.73 | 1.25↑ | 0.002 | 0.684 (0.571-0.784) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Alanine# | 1.47-1.51 | 0.74↓ | <0.001 | 0.744 (0.635-0.835) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Creatine# | 3.05-3.09 | 0.74↓ | <0.001 | 0.707 (0.596-0.802) | Energy metabolism |
| 4.06-4.13 | 0.73↓ | <0.001 | 0.713 (0.602-0.807) | ||
| Ethanolamine# | 3.11-3.19 | 0.94↓ | <0.001 | 0.734 (0.624-0.827) | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Glycine# | 3.57-3.59 | 0.87↓ | 0.010 | 0.659 (0.544-0.761) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Glucose# | 3.75-3.85 | 0.90↓ | 0.015 | 0.651 (0.536-0.754) | Energy metabolism |
| Cysteine# | 3.95-3.99 | 0.78↓ | <0.001 | 0.808 (0.704-0.887) | Amino acid metabolism |
| Hippurate# | 3.94-4.03 | 0.83↓ | <0.001 | 0.790 (0.686-0.873) | Gut microflora metabolism |
| 7.52-7.67 | 0.40↓ | <0.001 | 0.709 (0.598-0.804) | ||
| 7.82-7.86 | 0.44↓ | <0.001 | 0.295 (0.594-0.800) | ||
Metabolites without label noted tissue biomarkers; metabolites labeled with “*” and “#” noted serum and urine biomarkers, respectively.
The up/down arrow indicates that the relative content of differential metabolites in tissue, serum or urine of esophageal cancer is higher/lower than that of the control group.