Table 2.
Core elements and interventions of ERAS
| Preoperative | Intraoperative | Postoperative |
|---|---|---|
| Smoke cessation; Alcohol abstinence | Standardized anesthesia, avoiding long-acting opioids; Epidural anesthesia for open surgery | Early intake of oral fluids and solids |
| Rehabilitation training | Minimal invasive surgical techniques | Intake of protein and energy-rich nutritional supplements |
| Psychological intervention | Effective management of inflammation | Multimodal approach to control of nausea and vomiting |
| Optimizing nutrition | Maintaining fluid balance; Administer vasopressors to support blood pressure control | Support ambulation and mobilization |
| Fluid and carbohydrate loading; No prolonged fasting | Lung protection | Non-opioid oral analgesia/NSAIDs |
| No/selective bowel preparation | Brain protection | Patient blood management (PBM) |
| Antibiotic prophylaxis | Maintenance of normothermia (body warmer/warm intravenous fluids) | No nasogastric tubes |
| Pain management | Prevention of stress hyperglycemia | Early removal of the catheter |
| Thromboprophylaxis | No drains | Audit of compliance and outcomes |
| Correction of preoperative anemia | – | – |