Table 1: Summary of GWAS association statistics.

All tests adjust for global ancestry and can be used on binary traits, and all tests except MIX can be implemented with adjustment for additional covariates and use on quantitative traits. For more information on the comparison of ATT, ADM, SUM, and MIX see³². We note that while additional methods exist^35–39 we do not focus on them in this work because they do not directly relate to equation 1.

Association Statistic	Statistical Test (H0)	Assumptions on β	Covariates	Degrees of Freedom
ADM	el = 0	--	α	1
ATT	β = 0	β = β1 = β2	α	1
SNP1	β = 0	β = β1 = β2	l, α	1
MIX	el ∘ β = 0	β = β1 = β2	α	1
SUM	β = 0 and el = 0	β = β1 = β2	l, α	2
Tractor	β1 = 0 and β2 = 0	--	l, α	2