TABLE 1.
Overview of literature reports dealing with probiotics as biological control agents in aquaculture
| Putative probiotic | Origina | Observations | Method of administrationa | Suggested mode of actiona | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish eggs and Larvae | |||||
| Several strains (unidentified) | Eggs of cod and halibut | Failure of the strains to prevent the adherence of environmental bacteria to cod eggs | Bathing in bacterial suspension | Antagonism | 51 |
| Vibrio salmonicida-like and Lactobacillus plantarum | Fish | Increase of survival of halibut larvae 2 weeks after hatching | Addition to culture water | Immunostimulation | 84 |
| Bacillus strain IP5832 spores (Paciflor 9) | ? | Increase of weight of turbot larvae when fed spore-fed rotifers; decrease of mortality when challenged with an opportunistic Vibrionaceae member | Addition to rotifer diet | Antagonism and/or improved nutritional value of the rotifers | 35 |
| Streptococcus lactis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus | ? | Increase of survival of turbot larvae 17 days after hatching | Enrichment of rotifers and Artemia | ? | 32 |
| Lactobacillus or Carnobacterium | Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) | Decrease of mortality of turbot larvae challenged with a pathogenic Vibrio sp. | Enrichment of rotifers | Antagonism and/or improved nutritional value of the rotifers | 37 |
| Vibrio pelagius | Copepod-fed turbot larvae | Decrease (?) of mortality of turbot larvae challenged with A. caviae | Addition to culture water | ? | 104 |
| Strain E (Vibrio alginolyticus-alike) | Healthy turbot larvae | Decrease of mortality of turbot larvae challenged with a pathogenic Vibrio strain P; also, the growth rate of the larvae may be increased | Enrichment of rotifers | Competition for iron | 38 |
| Microbially matured water | — | Increase of initial growth rate of turbot and halibut larvae | As culture water | ? | 115, 135 |
| Fish juveniles and Adults | |||||
| Lyophilized Carnobacterium divergens | Atlantic salmon intestines | Increase (!) of mortality of Atlantic salmon fry challenged with cohabitants infected with A. salmonicida | Addition to diet | — | 43 |
| Lyophilized Carnobacterium divergens | Atlantic salmon intestines | Decrease of mortality of Atlantic cod fry when challenged with a pathogenic V. anguillarum strain | Addition to diet | ? | 45 |
| Lyophilized Carnobacterium divergens | Atlantic salmon intestines | Decrease of mortality of Atlantic cod fry challenged with a pathogenic V. anguillarum strain 12 days after the infection; 4wk after the infection, however, the same mortality as in the control was reached | Additon to diet | Antagonism | 44 |
| Carnobacterium strain K1 | Atlantic salmon intestines | Growth inhibition of V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida in fish intestinal mucus and fecal extracts (no in vivo test) | — | Antagonism | 59 |
| Carnobacterium | Atlantic salmon intestines | Growth inhibition of V. anguillarum in turbot fecal extracts (no in vivo test) | — | Antagonism | 85 |
| Fluorescent pseudomonad F19/3 | Fish mucus | Decrease of mortality of Atlantic salmon presmolts challenged with stress-inducible A. salmonicida infection | Bathing in bacterial suspension | Competition for iron | 117 |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens AH2 | Iced Lake Victorian Nile perch | Decrease of mortality of rainbow trout juveniles challenged with a pathogenic V. anguillarum | Addition to culture water and/or bathing in bacterial suspension | Competition for iron | 48 |
| Vibrio alginolyticus | Commercial shrimp hatchery in Ecuador | Decrease of mortality of Atlantic salmon juveniles challenged with a pathogenic A. salmonicida, V. anguillarum, and V. ordalii | Bathing in bacterial suspension | Antagonism | 5 |
| Bacillus megaterium, B. polymyxa, B. licheniformis, 2 strains of B. subtilis (Biostart) | ? | Increase of survival and net production of channel catfish | Addition to pond water | ? | 95 |
| Spray-dried Tetraselmis suecica (unicellular alga) | ? | Decrease of mortality of Atlantic salmon juveniles challenged with several pathogens; alga was effective prophylactically as well as therapeutically | Addition to diet | Antagonism | 2 |
| Crustaceans | |||||
| Bacillus strain S11 | Penaeus monodon or mud and water from shrimp ponds | Increase of mean weight and survival of P. monodon larvae and postlarvae; decrease of mortality after challenge with the pathogen V. harveyi D331 | Addition to diet | Antagonism | 99; Rengpipat and Rukpratanporn, abstract |
| Vibrio alginolyticus | Pacific Ocean seawater | Increase of survival and weight of L. vannamei postlarvae; decreased observation of V. parahaemolyticus in the shrimps | Addition to culture water | Antagonism | 33 |
| Bacillus | ? | Increase of survival of penacid shrimps; decrease of luminous Vibrio densities | Addition to pond water | Antagonism | 73, 74 |
| Strain PM-4 and/or NS-110 | Soil | Increase of survival of P. monodon and P. trituberculatus larvae; decrease of Vibrio densities | Addition to culture water | Antagonism/food source for larvae | 67–69, 83 |
| Strain BY-9 | Coastal seawater | Increase of survival of P. monodon larvae; decrease of Vibrio densities | Addition to culture water | ? | Sugama and Tsumura, abstract |
| Bivalve mollusks | |||||
| Vibrio strain 11 | Microalgae in a scallop hatchery | Decrease of mortality of scallop larvae challenged with a pathogenic V. anguillarum-like strain | Bathing in bacterial suspension | Antagonism | 105 |
| Aeromonas media A 199 | ? | Decrease of mortality and suppression of the pathogen of Pacific oyster larvae when challenged with a pathogenic V. tubiashii | Addition to culture water | Antagonism | 42 |
| Live food—Algae | |||||
| Several strains | Turbot larvae | Growth stimulation of P. lutheri | Addition to culture water | ? | 75 |
| Flavobacterium sp. | Chaetoceros gracilis mass culture | Improved growth characteristics of C. gracilis, I. galbana, and P. lutheri | Addition to culture water | ? | 128 |
| Strain SK-05 | Skeletonema costatum culture | Inhibition of the growth of V. alginolyticus in Skeletonema costatum culture | Addition to culture water | Competition for resources | 101 |
| Live food—Rotifers | |||||
| Lactobacillus plantarum | ? | Inhibition of the growth of a fortuitous A. salmonicida strain in rotifer culture | Addition to diet | Antagonism | 36 |
| Lactococcus lactis AR21 | Rotifer culture | Counteraction of rotifer growth inhibition when challenged with V. anguillarum | Addition to culture water | ? | 54 |
| Several strains | Rotifer culture | Increase of the specific growth rate of rotifer culture | Addition to culture water | 108 | |
| Live food—Artemia | |||||
| Vibrio alginolyticus C14 | ? | Decrease of mortality of Artemia nauplii when challenged with V. parahaemolyticus | Addition to culture water | ? | 47 |
| Several strains | Artemia culture | Decrease of mortality of Artemia juveniles when challenged with V. proteolyticus | 141 |
a
—, not relevant; ?, not specified.