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. 2023 Feb 6;23:15. doi: 10.1186/s12894-023-01180-2

Table 3.

Participant identified causes of ED

Perceived cause of ED No ED (n = 115)
n (%)
ED (n = 375)
n (%)
p value
Stress/other mental health conditions 101 (87.8) 198 (52.8)  < 0.001
Unhealthy diet 57 (49.6) 116 (30.9)  < 0.001
Smoking 54 (46.9) 108 (28.8)  < 0.001
Obesity 61 (53.0) 144 (38.4) 0.005
Certain medications 74 (64.4) 192 (51.2) 0.01
Health conditions 70 (60.9) 208 (55.5) 0.31
Alcohol or other substance abuse 85 (73.9) 139 (37.1)  < 0.001
Previous pelvic surgeries or spinal injuries 57 (49.6) 106 (28.3)  < 0.001
Other 15 (13.0) 73 (19.5) 0.12