Table 2.
Psychological distress by socio-demographic, health and HIV-related characteristics, South Africa 2012
| Sample characteristic | Total (n = 20,083) |
Psychological distress | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 15,527) | Yes (n = 4556) | |||
| Age group (years) | < 0.001 | |||
| 15 to 24 | 5716 | 4696 (82.2%) | 1020 (17.8%) | |
| 25 to 49 | 8573 | 6544 (76.3%) | 2029 (23.7%) | |
| 50+ | 5789 | 484 (74.0%) | 1505 (26.0%) | |
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Male | 8503 | 692 (82.2%) | 1511 (17.8%) | |
| Female | 11,580 | 8535 (73.7%) | 3045 (26.3%) | |
| Race group | < 0.001 | |||
| African | 12,097 | 8853 (73.2%) | 3244 (26.8%) | |
| Other | 7970 | 6661 (83.6%) | 1309 (16.4%) | |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | |||
| Not Married | 13,235 | 10,086 (76.2%) | 3149 (23.8%) | |
| Married | 6568 | 5236 (79.7%) | 1332 (20.3%) | |
| Educational level | < 0.001 | |||
| No education/Primary | 3663 | 2659 (72.6%) | 1004 (27.4%) | |
| Secondary | 12,104 | 9583 (79.2%) | 2521 (20.8%) | |
| Tertiary | 1348 | 1138 (84.4%) | 210 (15.6%) | |
| Employment status | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 11,455 | 8565 (74.8%) | 2890 (25.2%) | |
| Yes | 6849 | 5623 (82.1%) | 1226 (17.9%) | |
| Asset-based SES | < 0.001 | |||
| Low SES | 10,856 | 8059 (74.2%) | 2797 (25.8%) | |
| High SES | 9003 | 7295 (81.0%) | 1708 (19.0%) | |
| Locality type | < 0.001 | |||
| Alcohol use AUDIT score | < 0.001 | |||
| Abstainers | 11,466 | 8739 (76.2%) | 2727 (23.8%) | |
| Low risk drinkers (1–7) | 4759 | 3947 (82.9%) | 812 (17.1%) | |
| High risk drinkers (8–19) | 1498 | 1047 (69.9%) | 451 (30.1%) | |
| Hazardous drinkers (20+) | 198 | 91 (46.0%) | 107 (54.0%) | |
| Self-rated health | < 0.001 | |||
| Fair/poor | 4149 | 2518 (60.7%) | 1631 (39.3%) | |
| Good/excellent | 15,872 | 12,966 (81.7%) | 2906 (18.3%) | |
| Ever had HIV test | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 7372 | 5857 (79.4%) | 1515 (20.6%) | |
| Yes | 12,637 | 9614 (76.1%) | 3023 (23.9%) | |
| HIV status | < 0.001 | |||
| Negative | 17,546 | 13,816 (78.7%) | 3730 (21.3%) | |
| Positive | 2537 | 1711 (67.4%) | 826 (32.6%) | |
| Urban formal | 11,080 | 8734 (78.8%) | 2346 (21.2%) | |
| Urban informal | 2159 | 1541 (71.4%) | 618 (28.6%) | |
| Rural informal | 4696 | 3512 (74.8%) | 1184 (25.2%) | |
| Rural formal | 2148 | 1740 (81.0%) | 408 (19.0%) | |
| HIV stigma index score | 0.650 | |||
| No | 9606 | 7413 (77.2%) | 2193 (22.8%) | |
| Yes | 10,312 | 7986 (77.4%) | 2326 (22.6%) | |
| Self-perceived Risk of HIV infection | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 3995 | 2842 (71.1%) | 1153 (28.9%) | |
| Yes | 15,896 | 12,555 (79.0%) | 3341 (21.0%) | |
| Awareness of HIV status | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 12,045 | 9431 (78.3%) | 2614 (21.7%) | |
| Yes | 7769 | 5884 (75.7%) | 1885 (24.3%) | |
SES Socio economic status, AUDIT Alcohol risk score based on a questionnaire for Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and scores used for categorisation within parentheses. Subtotals do not total (n) due to non-response and/or missing data