Table 4.
Model of the relationship of psychological distress with socio-demographic, health and HIV-related variables
| Psychological distress | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 15–24 | Ref | |||
| 25 to 49 | 1.49 | 1.33 | 1.67 | < 0.001 |
| 50+ | 1.42 | 1.23 | 1.63 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | |||
| Female | 1.63 | 1.48 | 1.80 | < 0.001 |
| Race group (years) | ||||
| African | Ref | |||
| Other | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.60 | < 0.001 |
| Marital status | Ref | |||
| Not married | ||||
| Married | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.89 | < 0.001 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Primary | Ref | |||
| Secondary | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 0.004 |
| Tertiary | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.87 | < 0.001 |
| Employment status | ||||
| No | ||||
| Yes | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.86 | < 0.001 |
| Asset based SES | ||||
| Low | ref | |||
| High | 1.01 | 0.90 | 1.14 | 0.884 |
| Locality type | ||||
| Urban formal | Ref | |||
| Urban informal | 0.97 | 0.84 | 1.13 | 0.686 |
| Rural informal | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.89 | < 0.001 |
| Rural formal | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.92 | 0.002 |
| Alcohol use AUDIT score | ||||
| Abstainers | Ref | |||
| Low risk drinkers (1–7) | 0.90 | 0.81 | 1.01 | 0.071 |
| High risk drinkers (8–19) | 1.88 | 1.61 | 2.20 | < 0.001 |
| Hazardous drinkers (20+) | 4.43 | 3.12 | 6.27 | < 0.001 |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Fair/poor | Ref | |||
| Good/excellent | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.45 | < 0.001 |
| Ever test for HIV | ||||
| No | ||||
| Yes | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.29 | 0.008 |
| Awareness of HIV status | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.02 | 0.91 | 1.13 | 0.786 |
| Self-perceived risk of HIV | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.92 | 0.82 | 1.02 | 0.111 |
| Externalised HIV related stigma | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.111 |
SES Socio economic status, AUDIT Alcohol risk score based on a questionnaire for Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and scores used for categorisation within parentheses, OR Odds ratio, CI confidence intervals. Subtotals do not total (n) due to non-response and / or missing data