Table 1.

Aspiration prevention surgeries

Aspiration prevention surgeries		Types of anesthesia	Operative time	Amount of bleeding	Risk of suture failure	Possible postoperative speech	UES opening effect
Surgeries to remove the larynx	Total laryngectomy [14–19]	G	> 2 h	Relatively large	Relatively low	Eso-S/ VP	+
	Central-part laryngectomy [20–24]	G, L	≒ 2 h	Small	Low	Eso-S/ VP	+
Surgeries to change the tracheal structure	Tracheoesophageal diversion [4, 25–29]	G	> 2 h	Small	Relatively low	Eso-S/ VP	–
	Laryngotracheal separation [30–34]	G, L	≒ 2 h	Small	Low	–	–
	Tracheal flap method [35, 37, 38]	G, L	≒ 2 h	Small	Low	–	–
Surgeries to close the larynx	Supraglottic laryngeal closure
	Epiglottic flap [1, 39, 40]	G	≒ 2 h	Small	Moderate	–	–
	Vertical laryngoplasty [41–43]	G	≒ 2 h	Small	Moderate	Possible in some cases	–
	Transoral supraglottic closure [44]	G	≒ 2 h	Small	Moderate	–	–
	Glottic laryngeal closure  [21, 22, 24, 45–57]	G, L	≒ 2 h	Small	Low	–	with CPM*
	Subglottic laryngeal closure [21, 58, 59]	G, L	≒ 2 h	Small	Low	–	with CPM or TC*

G general anesthesia, L local anesthesia, UES upper esophageal sphincter, ≒ 2 h around 2 h; Eso-S esophageal speech, VP voice prosthesis, CPM cricopharyngeal myotomy, TC total cricoidectomy

^*Only in patients with cricopharyngeal myotomy or total cricoidectomy