Table 2.

Associations between baseline optimism (standardized) and total cardiovascular health scores during follow-up (N=3,188).

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p
Optimism	0.11 (0.07, 0.14)	<0.001	0.08 (0.04, 0.11)	<0.001	0.07 (0.04, 0.11)	<0.001
Time	−0.05 (−0.06, −0.05)	<0.001	−0.05 (−0.06, −0.05)	<0.001	−0.05 (−0.06, −0.05)	<0.001
Age	−0.03 (−0.04, −0.02)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.05, −0.03)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.05, −0.03)	<0.001
Female			0.29 (0.23, 0.36)	<0.001	0.27 (0.21, 0.34)	<0.001
Black			−0.22 (−0.29, −0.14)	<0.001	−0.19 (−0.27, −0.12)	<0.001
Married			0.02 (−0.06, 0.10)	0.6	0.02 (−0.06, 0.10)	0.6
Education
Less than High School			Reference	--	Reference	--
High School			0.17 (−0.01, 0.34)	0.06	0.16 (−0.01, 0.34)	0.07
Some College			0.12 (−0.05, 0.30)	0.2	0.13 (−0.04, 0.30)	0.1
College or Higher			0.47 (0.30, 0.65)	<0.001	0.46 (0.29, 0.64)	<0.001
Income
≤$24,999			Reference	--	Reference	--
$25,000-$49,999			−0.07 (−0.18, 0.05)	0.3	−0.07 (−0.18, 0.04)	0.2
$50,000-$74,999			−0.07 (−0.19, 0.03)	0.3	−0.07 (−0.19, 0.05)	0.2
≥$75,000			−0.06 (−0.18, 0.07)	0.4	−0.08 (−0.20, 0.05)	0.2
Fast Food ≥2 times a week					−0.16 (−0.23, −0.09)	<0.001
Physical Activity
Low					Reference	--
Moderate					0.06 (−0.03, 0.14)	0.2
Moderate-High					0.04 (−0.06, 0.13)	0.4
High					0.15 (0.06, 0.25)	0.002
Diagnosis of Heart Problems					0.07 (−0.03, 0.18)	0.1
Diagnosis of Cancer					0.03 (−0.16, 0.22)	0.7