Table 4.

Associations between baseline optimism and the relative risk of meeting recommended levels of each component of cardiovascular health during follow-up (N=3,188). ^a

Components of Cardiovascular Health	Model 1 b		Model 2 c		Model 3 d
	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p
Healthy blood pressure	1.06 (1.02, 1.10)	0.004	1.04 (1.00, 1.08)	0.06	1.03 (1.00, 1.07)	0.08
Healthy cholesterol	1.01 (0.97, 1.05)	0.6	1.01 (0.98, 1.05)	0.5	1.01 (0.98, 1.05)	0.5
Non-smoking	1.08 (1.03, 1.14)	0.002	1.04 (0.98, 1.09)	0.2	1.04 (0.99, 1.10)	0.1
Healthy BMI	1.06 (1.00, 1.13)	0.05	1.06 (1.00, 1.13)	0.06	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	0.1
Non-diabetic	1.01 (0.98, 1.05)	0.5	1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	0.5	1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	0.6

^aGeneralized estimating equations with Poisson distribution and log link were used to estimate the relative risk of meeting recommendations for each component of cardiovascular health among all participants. The effect estimate represents the likelihood of meeting recommended levels of each cardiovascular health component in relation to a one standard deviation increase in baseline optimism.

^bAdjusted for age only.

^cAdjusted for age, sex, race, education, income, and marital status.

^dAdjusted for age, sex, race, education, income, marital status, fast food consumption, physical activity, and diagnosis of heart problems or cancer.