Table 5:

Odds ratios (CI 95%) for associations between monitoring and reporting violations and PTB. Adjusted for water system service area, mother’s race, mother’s age, mother’s education, parity, majority gestational year, infant’s sex, and tobacco use during pregnancy. Bold = statistically significant

SDWA Monitoring and Reporting Violation/Contaminant Name	Preterm Birth
	OR	P	Lower 95 %	Upper 95 %
Arsenic	1.08	0.33	0.93	1.26
Atrazine	0.84	0.69	0.37	1.94
Total Coliform Rule1	0.98	0.40	0.95	1.02
Combined Radium	1.08	0.30	0.93	1.26
Combined Uranium	1.10	0.23	0.94	1.28
Stage 1 DBPR	0.95	0.34	0.85	1.06
Stage 2 DBPR	1.04	0.28	0.97	1.13
E. coli in Source Water	0.93	0.27	0.82	1.06
Gross Alpha Exc.2	1.10	0.24	0.95	1.27
Lead and Copper Rule	1.03	0.41	0.96	1.12
Nitrate-Nitrite	1.10	0.01	1.02	1.18

¹TCR in this study represents the first published rule and not the revised version that began in 2016.

²Gross Alpha Excluding Radon and Uranium.