Table 3.
RAS blockers inhibit inflammation.
| RAS Component | Compounds | Species | Mode of Administration | Measure Method | Main Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT1R | AT1aR knockout mice | EPM | Anxiolytic Neuroinflammation↓ |
(31) | ||
| ACE2 | Male SD rats | Bilateral microinjected ACE2 into PVN | Anxiolytic PIC↓ |
(44) | ||
| ARB | Irbesartan | Swiss albino mice of UCMS | 40mg/kg i.p./p.o. | MFST TST OFT |
Antidepressant 5-HT levels↑ |
(100) |
| Telmisartan | Wistar rats with DM | 0.05mg/kg, p.o. for 21days |
FST OFT EPM |
Antidepressant NO↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓ |
(101) | |
| SK-N-SH human neuroblasts Primary rat cortical neurons | 10 ng/ml | Neuronal inflammatory response to IL-1β↓ COX-2 PGE2↓ JNK/c-Jun pathway↓ |
(102) | |||
| Male SD rats | 10 mg/kg for 8 weeks |
CD45, IL-6, CRP↓ | (103) | |||
| 5XFAD mice Primary neonatal rat glial cells |
1 mg/kg/day intranasal for 2 months |
TNF-α, IL1-β↓ iNOS↓ Aβ burden and CD11b↓ |
(104) | |||
| Candesartan | WH rats and SHR | 1 mg/kg per day for 14 days |
EPM | Anxiolytic PIC↓ Microglia activation↓ |
(105) | |
| Male SD rats | 1 mg/kg oral gavage for 2 weeks | EPM FST NSFT |
Anxiolytic Antidepressant IL-1β, IL-6, Cox2↓, iNOS↓, IL-10↑ |
(106) | ||
| Male SD rats | 0.1 mg/kg Orally for 5 days |
Astroglia, microglial, STAT3 activation↓ NFкB↓ TNF-α↓ PP2A activation↓ IL-10↑ |
(107) | |||
| Male Wistar Hanover rats | 1 mg/kg/d, s.c. for 3 days |
PIC↓ COX-2, IL-6↓ LIF, IκB-α↓ |
(108) (109) |
|||
| Losartan | Microglial cells | 10-5m | IL-1↓ NF-κB ↓ AP-1 activation↓ |
(110) | ||
| Wistar rats | ICV 50 μg | NF-κB↑ AP-1↑ |
(98) | |||
| Wistar rats of DM | 20 mg/kg for 2 weeks |
FST OFT |
Antidepressant Neuroinflammation↓ |
(111) | ||
| Male LACA mice of CRS | 20 mg/kg for 30 days |
FST | Antidepressant Insulin levels↑ Locomotor activity↑ |
(112) | ||
| ACEI | Lisinopril | Wistar rats | ICV 50 μg | NF-κB↑ AP-1↑ |
(98) | |
| Enalapril Ramipril |
Wistar rats of DM | (40mg/bwkg/d) (10μg/bwkg/d) for 2 weeks |
FST OFT |
Antidepressant IL-1a mRNA↓ IL-6 mRNA↓ TNF-α mRNA↓ |
(113) | |
| Ramipril | Male LACA mice subjected to CRS | 10, 20mg/kg for 30days |
FST | Antidepressant Locomotor activity↑ |
(112) | |
| Male SD rats | 1 μM Orally for 5 days |
Astroglia, microglia, STAT3 activation↓ NFкB↓ TNF-α↓ AT2R expression↑ |
(107) | |||
| Captopril | Male SD rats | 0.5 mg/ml for 2 weeks | TNF-α↓ PIC↓ |
(114) | ||
| MRL/lpr lupus-prone mouse model | 5 mg/kg every other day i.p. for 2 weeks |
Rotarod Test FST EPM |
Antidepressant 5-HT levels↑ IFNα levels↓ Microglial activation↓ |
(115) |
IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; NO, nitric oxide; SD, Sprague-Dawley; DM, diabetes mellitus; MR, mineralocorticoid-receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1a, interleukin-1a; i.c.v., intracerebroventricular; AP-1, activator protein-1; PIC, pro-inflammatory cytokine; i.p., intraperitoneal; p.o., oral route; CRS, Chronic restraint stress; IFNα, interferon-α; MFST, Modified forced swim test; TST, tail suspension test; OFT, open-field test; UCMS, unpredictable mild stress, WH rats, Wistar Hannover rats; MWM, Morris water maze; PA, passive avoidance; MBT, Marble burying task; NSFT, Novelty-Suppressed Feeding Test; Cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2, NOS, Nitric oxide synthase, LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; iNOS, inducible nitric oxidase synthase; MIF migration inhibitory factor; NFκB Nuclear factor-kappa B; pSTAT3, Phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PP2A, Protein phosphatase-2A; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NOS, Nitric oxide synthase; CIH, chronic intermittent hypoxia; CD45, leukocyte common antigen; CRP, C-reactive protein; 5XFAD, five familial Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mouse; CD11b expression, a marker for microglia; SPT, sucrose preference test; BDNF-TrkB-CREP, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein.