Table 4.

RAS blockers inhibit oxidative stress.

RAS Component	Compounds	Species	Mode of Administration	Measure Method	Main Findings	Reference
Ang- ( 1–7)		Adult male Wistar rats			GPX↑ MDA↓	(37)
AT2R	Blocker PD-123177	Male Wistar rats	0.1 mg/kg/b.w. i.c.v. for 7 days	PA Y-maze	Antidepressants Memory↑ SOD↑ GPX↑ MDA↓	(37)
ARB	Losartan	Male Wistar rats	0.1 mg/kg i.c.v.		SOD↑ GPX↑ MDA↓	(59)
		Male Wistar rats	0.1 mg/kg/b.w. i.c.v. for 7 days	PA Y-maze	Memory↑ SOD↑, GPX↑ MDA↓	(37)
		Male LACA mice of CRS	20 mg/kg for 30 days	FST	Antidepressant MDA↓ Nitrite↓	(112)
	Telmisartan	Primary rat cortical neurons	10 ng/ml		NOX-4 mRNA expression↓ NADPH, ROS↓	(102)
		Male SD rats	10 mg/kg for 8 weeks		iNOS, NO↓ MDA↓	(67)
	Candesartan	Male Wistar Hanover rats	1 mg/kg/d, s.c. for 3 days		nNOS/eNOS activity↓ iNOS↓	(109)
		Male SD rats	0.1 mg/kg Orally for 5 days		ROS↓ Nitrite↓	(107)
	Irbesartan	Swiss albino mice of UCMS	40 mg/kg i.p./p.o.	MFST TST OFT	Antidepressant CAT↑ MDA↓	(100)
ACEI	Ramipril	Male LACA mice of CRS	10,20mg/kg for 30 days	FST	Antidepressant MDA↓ Nitrite↓	(112)
	Captopril	Male Wistar rats	0.1 mg/kg/b.w. i.c.v. for 7 days	PA Y-maze	Memory↑ SOD, GPX↑ MDA↓	(37)
	Perindopril	Male SD rats	1 μM Orally for 5 days		ROS↓	(107)
		THP-1 cells	100 µM		TNF-α, IL-17↓ Apoptosis↓ ROS↓	(130)

GPX, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MBT, Marble burying task; NOX-4, NADPH oxidase-4; NOS, Nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; CIH, chronic intermittent hypoxia; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; CAT, catalase; HCD, high cholesterol diet; TABRS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress; BDNF–TrkB-CREP, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B–cAMP response element-binding protein; NSF, novel-suppressed feeding test, OFT, open-field test; TST, tail suspension test; FST, forced swimming test; SPT, sucrose preference test.