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. 2023 Jan 24;14:1092801. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092801

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Copyright © 2023 Reuter, Raspe, Uebner, Contoyannis, Pastille, Westendorf, Caso, Cover, Müller and Taube

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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VacA treatment attenuates the asthma phenotype. (A) Animals were sensitized (day 0) and challenged intranasally (day 7–11) with house dust mite (positive control, HDM/HDM). VacA (HDM/HDM VacA) was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) on days 6, 7, 9 and 11. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-challenged animals served as negative controls (HDM/PBS). (B) Change of airway resistance (RI): percentage change of airway resistance in response to increasing doses of methacholine vs. PBS; HDM/HDM (dark orange), HDM/HDM VacA (green) and HDM/PBS mice (light orange). Asterisks indicate difference between HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM VacA. (C) Cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): total cell count (Tcc), macrophages (Mac), lymphocytes (Lymph), neutrophils (Neutros) and eosinophils (Eos); HDM/HDM (black), HDM/HDM VacA (dark gray) and HDM/PBS mice (white). (D) Inflammation in lung tissue: pictures show representative sections of each indicated group (x100). Scatter plot: inflammation score in HDM/PBS, HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM VacA animals. (E) Mucus-producing cells: pictures show representative sections from each group (x200). Scatter plot: number of mucus-producing cells/mm basement membrane in HDM/PBS, HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM VacA animals. (F) VacA treatment affects immunoglobulin subtypes. Graphs: house dust mite (HDM)-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E, -IgG1, -IgG2b titers and ratio of HDM IgG1 to IgG2b in HDM/phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM VacA animals. (B, C) results from five independent experiments, n=15–20 per group. (D–F) each symbol represents one animal. (D, E) results from four independent experiments, n=12–16 per group. (F) Results from five independent experiments, n=16–21 per group. Analysis of variance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; ns, not significant.