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. 2023 Jan 24;14:1092801. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092801

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Copyright © 2023 Reuter, Raspe, Uebner, Contoyannis, Pastille, Westendorf, Caso, Cover, Müller and Taube

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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VacA attenuates asthmatic reactions in mice with already established lung disease. (A) secondary allergen challenge was performed after house dust mite(HDM) sensitization and challenge, and 6 weeks’ rest. VacA treatment was given during the secondary challenge. (B) Change of airway resistance (RI):percentage change in airway resistance in response to increasing doses of methacholine vs. PBS; HDM/HDM/HDM (dark orange), HDM/HDM/HDM VacA(green) and HDM/HDM/PBS mice (light orange) (C) Cellular composition of BAL: number of total cells (Tcc), macrophages (Mac), lymphocytes (Lymph),neutrophils (Neutro) and eosinophils (Eos); negative control (HDM/HDM/PBS [white]), positive control (HDM/HDM/HDM [black]) and HDM/HDM/HDMVacA (dark gray). (D) Inflammation in lung tissue: pictures show representative sections from each indicated group (x100). Scatter plot: inflammationscore in HDM/HDM/PBS, HDM/HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM/HDM VacA mice. (E) Mucus-producing cells in lung airways: pictures show representativesections from each group (x200). Scatter plot: number of mucus-producing cells/mm basal membrane of HDM/HDM/PBS, HDM/HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM/HDM VacA mice. (F) Subepithelial collagen deposition: pictures show representative sections from each group (x200). Scatter plot: averagedsubepithelial collagen layer thickness in μM in HDM/PBS, HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM VacA animals. (G) VacA treatment increases Treg frequencies.Boxplots (Whiskers 10-90 percentile) show proportion of Tregs within the population of CD4-positive T cells in the lung and spleen of HDM/HDM/PBS,HDM/HDM/HDM and HDM/HDM/HDM VacA animals. Each symbol represents one animal. Data are results from two independent experiments, n=10 per group. Analysis of variance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.