Table 3.
The detection rates and predictors for smartphone addiction and depression in the following among respondents who responded to both surveys.
| Smartphone addiction | Depression | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N |
Prevalence rates
(95%CIa) |
χ2 b (P value) |
Adjusted ORc
(95%CI) |
P value | N | Prevalence rates (95%CIa) |
χ2 b
(P value) |
Adjusted ORd (95%CI) | P value | |
| Total (n = 1,186) | 623 | 52.5 (49.7, 55.4) | 335 | 28.2 (25.7, 30.8) | ||||||
| Gender | 5.25 (0.02) | 12.27 (< 0.001) | ||||||||
| Male (n = 566) | 317 | 56.0 (51.9, 60.1) | 1.30 (1.03, 1.66) | 187 | 33.0 (29.2, 36.9) | 1.56 (1.20, 2.03) | ||||
| Female (n = 620) | 306 | 49.4 (45.4, 53.3) | 1 | 0.03 | 148 | 23.9 (20.5, 27.2) | 1 | < 0.001 | ||
| Parental education level | 0.86 (0.35) | 0.87 (0.35) | ||||||||
| Below bachelor's degree (n = 924) | 492 | 53.2 (50.0, 56.5) | 1 | 267 | 28.9 (26.0, 31.8) | 1 | ||||
| Bachelor's degree or above (n = 262) | 131 | 50.0 (43.9, 56.1) | 1.01 (0.69, 1.46) | 0.97 | 68 | 26.0 (20.6, 31.3) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.74) | 0.56 | ||
| Maternal education level | 1.09 (0.30) | 1.23 (0.27) | ||||||||
| Below bachelor's degree (n = 1,016) | 540 | 53.1 (50.1, 56.2) | 1 | 293 | 28.8 (26.0, 31.6) | 1 | ||||
| Bachelor's degree or above (n = 170) | 83 | 48.8 (41.2, 56.4) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.43) | 0.77 | 42 | 24.7 (18.2, 31.3) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.58) | 0.89 | ||
| Body-Mass Index | 4.04 (0.26) | 2.55 (0.47) | ||||||||
| Wasting (n = 207) | 101 | 48.8 (41.9, 55.7) | 1 | 61 | 29.5 (23.2, 35.7) | 1 | ||||
| Normal (n = 720) | 395 | 54.9 (51.2, 58.5) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.76) | 0.12 | 197 | 27.4 (24.1, 30.6) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.41 | ||
| Overweight (n = 187) | 91 | 48.7 (41.4, 55.9) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.40) | 0.72 | 60 | 32.1 (25.3, 38.8) | 1.07 (0.69, 1.66) | 0.78 | ||
| Obese (n = 72) | 36 | 50.0 (38.2, 61.8) | 1.04 (0.60, 1.81) | 0.88 | 17 | 23.6 (13.6, 33.7) | 0.66 (0.35, 1.24) | 0.20 | ||
| Smartphone addiction at follow-up | 16.06 (< 0.001) | |||||||||
| No (n = 563) | 128 | 22.7 (19.3, 26.2) | 1 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 623) | 207 | 33.2 (29.5, 36.9) | 1.65 (1.27, 2.14) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Depression at follow-up | 16.06 (< 0.001) | |||||||||
| No (n = 851) | 416 | 48.9 (45.5, 52.2) | 1 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 335) | 207 | 61.8 (56.6, 67.0) | 1.64 (1.26, 2.13) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Smartphone addiction at baseline | ||||||||||
| No (n = 806) | 368 | 45.7 (42.2, 49.1) | ||||||||
| Yes (n = 380) | 255 | 67.1 (62.4, 71.9) | ||||||||
| Depression at baseline | ||||||||||
| No (n = 1059) | 258 | 24.4 (21.8, 27.0) | ||||||||
| Yes (n = 127) | 77 | 60.6 (52.0, 69.2) | ||||||||
95%CI: 95% confidence interval.
χ2- Chi-square.
Adjusted OR: adjusted odds ratio based on Binary Logistic Regression (Enter) using smartphone addiction in the follow-up survey as a dependent variable and gender, parental education level, maternal education level, Body-Mass Index, and depression in the follow-up survey as independent variables.
Adjusted OR: adjusted odds ratio based on Binary Logistic Regression (Enter) using depression in the follow-up survey as the dependent variable and gender, parental education level, maternal education level, Body-Mass Index, and smartphone addiction in the follow-up survey as independent variables.