TABLE 3.
Primary outcome: Fasting values for glucose and insulin, and markers of insulin resistance at baseline and after the 10-week intervention.
| NORM (n = 15) | LCHF (n = 14) | NORM-EX (n = 14) | LCHF-EX (n = 14) | NORM vs. LCHF | NORM vs. NORM-EX | LCHF vs. LCHF-EX | NORM-EX vs. LCHF-EX | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | p-value# | |||||||
| Fasting values | ||||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) pre | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 0.738 | 0.073 | 0.175 | 0.007 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) post | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 0.828 | 0.231 | 0.750 | 0.261 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.453 | 0.304 | 0.652 | 0.007 | ||||
| Insulin (pmol/L) pre | 74 ± 38 | 70 ± 26 | 80 ± 30 | 88 ± 36 | 0.737 | 0.616 | 0.120 | 0.504 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) post | 69 ± 47 | 54 ± 31 | 62 ± 27 | 73 ± 39 | 0.283 | 0.666 | 0.166 | 0.458 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.554 | 0.131 | 0.082 | 0.111 | ||||
| Insulin resistance | ||||||||
| HOMA-IR pre | 2.35 ± 1.31 | 2.23 ± 0.98 | 2.44 ± 0.95 | 3.00 ± 1.41 | 0.815 | 0.845 | 0.094 | 0.204 |
| HOMA-IR post | 2.24 ± 1.95 | 1.70 ± 1.04 | 1.86 ± 0.87 | 2.38 ± 1.45 | 0.301 | 0.506 | 0.227 | 0.397 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.714 | 0.112 | 0.106 | 0.029* | ||||
| Matsuda ISI pre | 4.91 ± 2.93 | 4.55 ± 2.21 | 4.27 ± 2.57 | 3.60 ± 2.22 | 0.712 | 0.543 | 0.312 | 0.510 |
| Matsuda ISI post | 5.98 ± 2.95 | 5.31 ± 2.44 | 6.54 ± 3.25 | 5.53 ± 3.17 | 0.462 | 0.718 | 0.623 | 0.568 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.039* | 0.265 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Insulinogenic index pre | 1.74 ± 1.04 | 2.21 ± 1.78 | 1.79 ± 0.93 | 1.65 ± 1.23 | 0.372 | 0.892 | 0.327 | 0.731 |
| Insulinogenic index post | 2.72 ± 3.19 | 2.14 ± 2.12 | 2.06 ± 1.75 | 2.99 ± 3.10 | 0.500 | 0.440 | 0.364 | 0.317 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.085 | 0.769 | 0.783 | 0.043* | ||||
| Disposition index pre | 8.27 ± 6.36 | 11.47 ± 12.05 | 6.95 ± 4.82 | 5.31 ± 3.38 | 0.363 | 0.532 | 0.056 | 0.270 |
| Disposition index post | 17.65 ± 23.64 | 14.94 ± 22.97 | 12.70 ± 11.48 | 15.96 ± 21.38 | 0.668 | 0.425 | 0.738 | 0.407 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.038* | 0.645 | 0.326 | 0.025* | ||||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD): Significant p-values marked in bold.
p-values marked with * are no longer significant with Bonferroni adjustment.
#Differences between group at post measurements are adjusted for baseline measurements.
NORM; normal diet, LCHF; Low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, NORM-EX; normal diet combined with exercise, LCHF-EX; Low-carbohydrate high-fat diet combined with exercise.