Table 2. Gaps of evidence of non-pharmacological treatment of HF, following guidelines (1–4) that should be considered in future investigations.

Gaps of evidence of non-pharmacological treatment of HF
1. Efficacy and safety of specific dietary interventions to prevent and treat HF.
2. Efficacy and safety of nutrition evaluation and intervention, to prevent and treat HF.
3. Efficacy and safety of sodium restriction to prevent and treat HF.
4. Efficacy and safety of fluid restriction to prevent and treat HF.
5. Efficacy and safety of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with HFpEF and HFmrEF.

HF = heart failure; HFpEF = HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF = HF with midrange ejection fraction.