Table 3.
Efficacies of various combination therapies tested against human cryptosporidiosis.
| Drug combination | Age and health status of patients | Number of individuals | Study type | Reference | Treatment type | Efficacy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Cure | Parasitological Cure | ||||||
| Acetylspiramycin + garlicin | Asymptomatic adult drug users | 151 | R, PC | (Huang et al., 2015) | Therapeutic | – | + |
| Azithromycin + paromomycin | Adults with AIDS | 11 | OL | (Smith et al., 1998) | Therapeutic | + | ± |
| Adult with AIDS | 1 | CR | (Palmieri et al., 2005) | Therapeutic | + | + | |
| Adult with AIDS | 1 | CR | (Meamar et al., 2006) | Therapeutic | + | + | |
| Adult liver transplant recipient | 1 | CR | (Denkinger et al., 2008) | Therapeutic | + | + | |
| Azithromycin + paromomycin + nitazoxanide | Pediatric renal transplant recipient | 1 | CR | (Hong et al., 2007) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Azithromycin + nitazoxanide | Adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients | 5 | OL | (Legrand et al., 2011) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Child on chemotherapy for cancer | 1 | CR | (Bakliwal et al., 2021) | Therapeutic | + | + | |
| Immunosuppressed child with CD40L deficiency | 1 | CR | (Dupuy et al., 2021) | Therapeutic | + | + | |
| Azithromycin + nitazoxanide + rifaximin | Adult renal transplant recipient | 1 | CR | (Tomczak et al., 2022) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Clarithromycin + rifabutin | Adults with advanced AIDS | 451 | RCR | (Fichtenbaum et al., 2000) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| Antiretrovirals + Paromomycin, Spiramycin, or Azithromycin | Adults with AIDS (CD4+ count < 180/mm3) |
45 | RCR | (Maggi et al., 2000) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| HAART + Paromomycin | Adults with advanced AIDS (CD4+ count < 50/mm3) |
1 | CR | (Schmidt et al., 2001) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| HAART + Glutamine + Azithromycin + Paromomycin | 1 | CR | (Moling et al., 2005) | Therapeutic | + | ± | |
| Nitazoxanide + fluoroquinolone | Adult renal transplant recipients | 21 | RCR | (Bhadauria et al., 2015) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Spiramycin + paromomycin + nitazoxanide | Pediatric renal transplant recipient | 1 | CR | (Acikgoz et al., 2012) | Therapeutic | + | + |
1. DB, double-blind; CR, case report; OL, open-label; PC, placebo-controlled; R, randomized; RCR, retrospective case review.
2. “+” = complete resolution; “-” = no demonstrable activity; “±” = partial resolution or relapse after treatment discontinuation.