Table 4.
Anti-cryptosporidial efficacies of various antimicrobial and novel treatments in farm animals and natural host animal models.
| Therapeutic agent | Animal species and age | Number of individuals | Type of infection | Reference | Treatment type | Efficacy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Cure | Parasitological Cure | ||||||
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor Compound 2093 | Neonatal calves | 6 | Experimental | (Hasan et al., 2021) | Therapeutic | ± | ± |
| Azithromycin | Neonatal calves | 50 | Natural | (Elitok et al., 2005) | Therapeutic | + | ± |
| 25 | Natural | (Nasir et al., 2013) | Therapeutic | NR | ± | ||
| Gnotobiotic piglets | 40 | Experimental | (Lee et al., 2017) | Therapeutic | ± | – | |
| Buffalo calf | 1 | Natural | (Maurya et al., 2016) | Therapeutic | + | NR | |
| Benzoxaborole AN7973 | Neonatal calves | 17 | Experimental | (Lunde et al., 2019) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Bumped Kinase Inhibitor 1294 | Neonatal calves | 18 | Experimental | (Lendner et al., 2015) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| 24 | Experimental | (Schaefer et al., 2016) | Therapeutic | ± | + | ||
| Bumped Kinase Inhibitor 1369 | Neonatal calves | 7 | Experimental | (Hulverson et al., 2017) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Gnotobiotic piglets | 18 | Experimental | (Lee et al., 2018) | Therapeutic | + | + | |
| Decoquinate | Neonatal calves | 30 | Experimental | (Redman and Fox, 1993) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| 43 | Experimental | (Moore et al., 2003) | Prophylactic | – | – | ||
| 90 | Natural | (Lallemand et al., 2006) | Prophylactic | – | – | ||
| Neonatal goat kids | 20 | Experimental | (Mancassola et al., 1997) | Prophylactic | + | ± | |
| 64 | Natural | (Ferre et al., 2005) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| Halofuginone lactate | Neonatal calves | 150 | Natural | (Villacorta et al., 1991) | Prophylactic | + | ± |
| 20 | Experimental | (Naciri et al., 1993) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| 70 | Natural and experimental | (Peeters et al., 1993) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| 158 | Natural | (Lefay et al., 2001) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| 152 | Natural | (Joachim et al., 2003) | Metaphylactic | ± | ± | ||
| 31 | Natural | (Jarvie et al., 2005) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| 90 | Natural | (Lallemand et al., 2006) | Prophylactic | – | ± | ||
| 260 | Natural | (Klein, 2008) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| Therapeutic | ± | ± | |||||
| 32 | Natural | (De Waele et al., 2010) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| 513 | Natural | (Trotz-Williams et al., 2011) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| 45 | Natural | (Almawly et al., 2013) | Prophylactic | – | – | ||
| 149 | Natural | (Keidel and Daugschies, 2013) | Metaphylactic | ± | ± | ||
| 530 | Natural | (Meganck et al., 2015) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| 144 | Natural | (Niine et al., 2018) | Prophylactic | ± | – | ||
| 20 | Natural | (Aydogdu et al., 2018) | Therapeutic | ± | ± | ||
| 123 | Natural | (Velez et al., 2019) | Prophylactic | – | ± | ||
| Neonatal lambs | 12 | Experimental | (Naciri and Yvore, 1989) | Prophylactic | + | + | |
| 5 | Therapeutic | + | ± | ||||
| 28 | Natural | (Causapé et al., 1999) | Prophylactic | – | ± | ||
| Therapeutic | ± | ± | |||||
| 1170 | Natural | (Giadinis et al., 2007) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| Therapeutic | + | + | |||||
| Neonatal goat kids | 69 | Natural | (Chartier et al., 1999) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | |
| 2240 | Natural | (Giadinis et al., 2008) | Prophylactic | + | + | ||
| Therapeutic | + | + | |||||
| 44 | Experimental | (Petermann et al., 2014) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| Lasalocid | Neonatal calves | 10 | Experimental | (Moon et al., 1982) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| 11 | Natural | (Sahal et al., 2005) | Therapeutic | + | ± | ||
| 12 | Natural | (Murakoshi et al., 2014) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| Nitazoxanide | Neonatal calves | 20 | Experimental | (Ollivett et al., 2009) | Therapeutic | + | ± |
| 9 | Experimental | (Schnyder et al., 2009) | Prophylactic | – | – | ||
| Therapeutic | – | – | |||||
| Neonatal goat kids | 47 | Experimental | (Viel et al., 2007) | Prophylactic | NR | ± | |
| Gnotobiotic piglets | 31 | Experimental | (Theodos et al., 1998) | Therapeutic | – | ± | |
| 40 | Experimental | (Lee et al., 2017) | Therapeutic | ± | ± | ||
| Paromomycin | Neonatal calves | 16 | Experimental | (Fayer and Ellis, 1993) | Prophylactic | + | + |
| 20 | Natural | (Grinberg et al., 2002) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| 20 | Natural | (Aydogdu et al., 2018) | Therapeutic | ± | ± | ||
| Neonatal goat kids | 19 | Experimental | (Mancassola et al., 1995) | Prophylactic | + | + | |
| 30 | Natural | (Chartier et al., 1996) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| 55 | Natural | (Johnson et al., 2000) | Prophylactic | + | + | ||
| Neonatal lambs | 36 | Natural | (Viu et al., 2000) | Therapeutic | ± | + | |
| Gnotobiotic piglets | 21 | Experimental | (Tzipori et al., 1994) | Therapeutic | ± | ± | |
| 31 | Experimental | (Theodos et al., 1998) | Therapeutic | + | ± | ||
| Triazolopyradizine MMV665917 | Neonatal calves | 13 | Experimental | (Stebbins et al., 2018) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Gnotobiotic piglets | 28 | Experimental | (Lee et al., 2019) | Therapeutic | + | ± | |
| Pyrazolopyridine KDU731 | Neonatal calves | 13 | Experimental | (Manjunatha et al., 2017) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Sulfonamides | Neonatal calves | 59 | Natural | (Fischer, 1983) | Prophylactic | – | – |
| Therapeutic | – | – | |||||
| 13 | Experimental | (Fayer, 1992) | Prophylactic | – | – | ||
| 152 | Natural | (Joachim et al., 2003) | Metaphylactic | – | – | ||
| 25 | Natural | (Nasir et al., 2013) | Therapeutic | NR | – | ||
| Neonatal goat kids | 24 | Experimental | (Koudela and Bokova, 1997) | Prophylactic | – | – | |
| Therapeutic | – | – | |||||
| Tilmicosin | Neonatal goat kids | 22 | Natural | (Paraud et al., 2010) | Prophylactic | – | – |
| Tylosin | Neonatal calves | 23 | Natural | (Duru et al., 2013) | Therapeutic | + | ± |
1. NR, not reported.
2. “+” = complete cure; “-” = no demonstrable effect; “±” = partial cure or relapse after treatment discontinuation.