Table 5.
Alternate treatments tested for efficacy against cryptosporidiosis in farm animals and natural host animal models.
| Drug | Animal species and age | Number of individuals | Type of infection | Study | Treatment type | Efficacy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Cure | Parasitological Cure | ||||||
| α-cyclodextrin | Neonatal goat kids | 20 | Experimental | (Castro-Hermida et al., 2004) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| β-cyclodextrin | Neonatal calves | 12 | Natural | (Castro-Hermida et al., 2001a) | Prophylactic | + | ± |
| Therapeutic | ± | ± | |||||
| Neonatal lambs | 53 | Natural | (Castro-Hermida et al., 2001b) | Prophylactic | + | + | |
| Therapeutic | + | ± | |||||
| Activated charcoal | Neonatal calves | 258 | Natural | (Ross et al., 2021) | Therapeutic | ± | ± |
| Activated charcoal + wood vinegar | Neonatal calves | 6 | Experimental | (Watarai et al., 2008) | Therapeutic | + | + |
| Neonatal goat kids | 40 | Natural | (Paraud et al., 2011) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | |
| Anti-IL-10 egg yolk antibody | Neonatal calves | 133 | Natural | (Raabis et al., 2018) | Prophylactic | – | – |
| Artificial sweetener/Glucagon-like peptide | Neonatal calves | 24 | Experimental | (Connor et al., 2017) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| Bobel-24 (anti-inflammatory drug) | Neonatal lambs | 37 | Experimental | (Castro-Hermida et al., 2008) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| Therapeutic | ± | – | |||||
| Bovine/Ovine colostrum | Neonatal calves | 12 | Experimental | (Fayer et al., 1989) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| 30 | Experimental | (Slacek et al., 1996) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| 12 | Experimental | (Perryman et al., 1999) | Prophylactic | + | + | ||
| 10 | Experimental | (Askari et al., 2016) | Prophylactic | + | + | ||
| 30 | Natural | (Kacar et al., 2022) | Prophylactic | + | + | ||
| Neonatal lambs | 32 | Experimental | (Naciri et al., 1994) | Prophylactic | + | ± | |
| Gnotobiotic piglets | 21 | Experimental | (Tzipori et al., 1994) | Therapeutic | – | – | |
| Bovine interleukin-12 (recombinant) | Neonatal calves | 20 | Experimental | (Pasquali et al., 2006) | Prophylactic | – | – |
| Bovine serum concentrate | Neonatal calves | 24 | Experimental | (Hunt et al., 2002) | Prophylactic | ± | ± |
| Bovine leukocyte extract | Neonatal calves | 9 | Experimental | (Fayer et al., 1987) | Prophylactic | – | – |
| Clinoptilolite | Neonatal lambs | 30 | Experimental | (Dinler Ay et al., 2021) | Prophylactic | + | + |
| Therapeutic | + | + | |||||
| Chitosan | Neonatal lambs | 32 | Experimental | (Aydogdu et al., 2019) | Therapeutic | ± | ± |
| Phytogenic extracts and essential oils | Neonatal calves | 43 | Experimental | (Olson et al., 1998) | Prophylactic | – | – |
| 41 | Natural | (Weyl-Feinstein et al., 2014) | Prophylactic | + | ± | ||
| 91 | Natural | (Katsoulos et al., 2017) | Prophylactic | ± | – | ||
| 30 | Natural | (Volpato et al., 2019) | Prophylactic | – | – | ||
| 26 | Experimental | (Mendonca et al., 2021) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| Probiotics (lactic acid producing bacteria) | Neonatal calves | 134 | Natural | (Harp et al., 1996) | Prophylactic | – | – |
| 30 | Natural | (Fernandez et al., 2020) | Prophylactic | ± | – | ||
| 44 | Natural | (Stefańska et al., 2021) | Prophylactic | ± | ± | ||
| Yeast fermentation products | Neonatal calves | 123 | Natural | (Velez et al., 2019) | Prophylactic | – | – |
“+” = complete cure; “-” = no demonstrable effect; “±” = partial cure or relapse after treatment discontinuation.