Table 5.

Examples of EV use in preclinical studies related to the treatment of the respiratory system diseases.

Source of EVs	Model	Major outcomes	References
Human UC-MSCs	In vivo murine model of asthma	Reduced inflammatory response and airway remodelling Prevented lung remodelling Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration Decreased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines Inhibited TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling pathway	(200)
	In vivo murine model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury	Attenuated inflammation and edema Attenuated activation of iNKT cells and macrophages Decreased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines Inhibition of macrophage and iNKT cells activation	(201)
Porcine BM-MSCs	In vitro	Inhibition of virus replication in lung epithelial cells Inhibition of virus-induced apoptosis replication in lymphatic endothelial cells	(202)
	In vivo porcine model of influenza-induced ALI	Inhibition of virus replication in lung epithelial cells Reduced lung injury Attenuated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Human BM-MSCs	In vivo murine model of lung injury	Decreased lung vascular endothelial permeability	(203)
	Ex vivo human model of pneumonia	Improved alveolar fluid clearance in lungs Reduced level of bacteria	(204)
Human Amnion Epithelial Cells	In vivo murine model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Prevention against lung injury	(205)
Human iPSC-MSCs	In vivo murine model of asthma	Ameliorated allergic airway inflammation Alleviation of airway hyperresponsiveness Decrease of inflammatory cell infiltration	(206)

ALI, acute lung injury; BM-MSCs, bone marrow MSCs; iNKT, invariant natural killer T cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; UC-MSCs, umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly MSCs.