Table 2.
Summary of the CSF/serum levels of the cytokines/chemokines in NMDAR-E vs. control subjects.
| Group | Cytokine/ chemokine |
Sample | Main Source | Main function | Cytokine/chemokine Levels of NMDAR-E vs. control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B cell | BAFF | Serum | Mø, DC,T cells | Regulates B-lymphocyte survival and maturation | – |
| CXCL13 | Serum | Mø, DC | Selective attraction of B cells | – | |
| BAFF | CSF | Mø, DC,T cells | Regulates B-lymphocyte survival and maturation | ** | |
| CXCL13 | CSF | Mø, DC | Selective attraction of B cells | ** | |
| Th1 | CXCL10 | CSF | Mø,EC,fibroblasts | Chemotaxis of Mø, NK cells, and DC; promotes T cell adhesion to endothelial cells | *** |
| IFN-γ | CSF | T cells, natural killers cells | Promotes differentiation of Th0 into Th1;stimulates Mø;increases osteoclastogenesis | ** | |
| TNF-α | CSF | Mø, T cells | Increases PMN migration; up-regulates expression of IL-1β,IL-6, and RANKL | *** | |
| Th17 | IL-17 | CSF | Th cells | Stimulates production of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β; increases RANKL expression | *** |
| IL-6 | CSF | Mø,EC,T cells | Increases inflammatory cell migration; increases osteoclastogenesis | *** | |
| Th2 | IL-2 | CSF | T cells | Promotes T cell proliferation and activation; increases NK proliferation | – |
| IL-4 | CSF | T cells, mast cells | Increases Th0 proliferation; increases IL-10 production; inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines activity; | – | |
| IL-13 | CSF | Th2 cells | Induces differentiation of monocytes;induces B cell proliferation;Inhibits of inflammation | *** | |
| Treg | IL-10 | CSF | Mø, Treg | Inhibits Mø antigen-presenting capacity; activates OPG | *** |
| Broad spectrum | IL-1β | CSF | Mø,EC,fibroblasts,DC | Increases inflammatory cell migration; increases osteoclastogenesis | *** |
| IL-12 | CSF | Mø,DC | Promotes differentiation of Th0 into Th1; increases NK proliferation | *** |
*** - large (SMD ≥ 0.8) and significant (p < 0.05) effect sizes; ** - medium (SMD ≥ 0.5 and SMD < 0.8) and significant (p < 0.05) effect sizes; the symbol “-” was used to identify cytokines/chemokines for which no good evidence could be found;MØ, macrophages ;DC, dendritic cells;EC, epithelial cells;SMD, standardized mean difference; NK, natural killer; PMN, polymorphonuclear; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; OPG, Osteoprotegerin.