Table 2.

Characteristics of interventions and their effect.

Study	Description of the study group		Intervention effect
	Intervention group	Control group
Dong et al [28], 2016	Lifestyle counseling for diet and physical activity by 2 professional physicians Phone visit by doctors (10 min) every 3 months, providing health guidance on diet and exercise	Lifestyle counseling for diet and physical activity by 2 professional physicians	Weight: +a (IGb), BMI: + (IG, CGc), ACd: + (IG), ALTe: + (IG), ASTf: −g, NAFLD-FSh: + (IG, CG), liver steatosis grade: + (IG, CG)
Fard et al [29], 2016	Counseling, dietary advice from a nutritionist performing physical activities, face-to-face consultation Telephone call follow-up the recommended diet and physical activities	Counseling, dietary advice from a nutritionist performing physical activities, face-to-face consultation	Weight: + (IG), BMI: + (IG), ALT: + (IG), AST: + (IG)
Axley et al [27], 2017	SMS text messages provided information and education including individual goal, nutrition, exercise, stress management, behavior change, and overcoming barriers every 9 AM	Standard of care for liver disease with detailed instruction in clinic on a healthy diet and daily exercise for weight loss	Weight: + (IG), BMI: + (IG), ALT: + (IG), AST: + (IG), HDLi: −, TGj: + (IG)
Lim et al [30], 2020	Advice on dietary and physical activity modification by a dietician Food diary Self-monitoring of physical activity Real-time feedback and encouragement by a dietitian Peer support chat channel Weekly educational clips	Usual standard care: a single face-to-face session in the clinic	Weight: + (IG), BMI: + (IG), Waist circumference: + (IG, CG), ALT: + (IG), AST: + (IG)
Mazzotti et al [31], 2018	Web-based intervention: group program similar to GBI, divided 4 sessions using a Cloud/SaaS e-learning platform: role-game measuring adherence, motivation to change, and competence by online questionnaires; channel to interact with the clinical center offline	Group-based intervention: group counseling on diet, and habitual physical activity physicians and dietitians	Weight: + (IG), 10% weight loss: −, Waist circumference: + (IG), GGTk: + (IG), ALT: + (IG)
Pfirrmann et al [25], 2019	Web-based platform: Individualized training support (moderate-intensity exercise of 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks, and intensified exercise of 5 sessions per week for the remaining 4 weeks) Regular individual patient feedback Frequent interaction with a counselor and peer support using a discussion board and a chatroom Biweekly group training at the sports center	None	Weight: +, body fat: +
Tincopa et al [32]	Mobile technology-based lifestyle intervention: step count and personalized feedback on physical activity with tailored weekly step count goals using Fitbit, and motivational messages via email Nutrition assessment at baseline and month 3 by phone Overall feedback on physical activity and nutrition over the first 3 months with nutrition assessment at month 3 using phone	None	Weight: −, BMI: −, Liver fat: −, Waist circumference: +, HDL: +, LDL: +, TG: +, HbA1cl: +

^a+: yes.

^bIG: intervention group.

^cCG: control group.

^dAC: abdominal circumference.

^eALT: alanine aminotransferase.

^fAST: aspartate aminotransferase.

^g–: no.

^hNAFLD-FS: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score.

ⁱHDL: high-density lipoprotein.

^jTG: triglyceride.

^kGGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.

^lHbA_1c: hemoglobin A_1c.