Table 1.
Study participants' general characteristics and dietary intake based on case and control groups
| Variables a | Population | P-Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 111) | Controls (n = 333) | ||
| Glycemic index | 64.08 ± 11.85 | 64.00 ± 19.07 | 0.968 |
| Glycemic load | 230.2 ± 86.7 | 225.0 ± 85.7 | 0.580 |
| Age(year) | 35.0 ± 10.8 | 30.7 ± 9.4 | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 84 (75.7) | 265 (79.6) | 0.229 |
| Overweight and obese, n (%) | 12 (10.8) | 16 (4.8) | 0.025 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 4 (3.6) | 8 (2.4) | 0.350 |
| Physical activity (MET/min/week) | 750.0 (240.0 – 1680.0) | 792.0 (353.0 – 1700.0) | 0.440 |
| SES | 0.557 | ||
| Low | 49 (44.2) | 153 (46.0) | |
| Middle | 28 (25.2) | 90 (27.0) | |
| High | 34 (30.6) | 90 (27.0) | |
| GHQ | 20.9 ± 7.4 | 15.1 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 |
| ISI score | 17.6 ± 2.9 | 7.4 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
| Nutrient Intake | |||
| Energy (Kcal/d) | 2387 ± 732 | 2446 ± 732 | 0.467 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 60.1 ± 8.5 | 58.7 ± 8.4 | 0.115 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 13.4 ± 2.6 | 14.0 ± 2.8 | 0.047 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 28.6 ± 7.8 | 29.3 ± 9.2 | 0.517 |
SES Socioeconomic status, ISI Insomnia severity index, GHQ General health questionnaire
aData are presented as mean ± SD or median (25–75 interquartile range) for continuous variables and numbers and percentages for categorical variables
†P-Value was computed using an Independent tow sample T-test and Chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively