Table 3.
The study participants' general characteristics and dietary intake based on tertiles of the glycemic load scorea
| Variables a | Tertiles of GL | P-trend† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1(n = 148) | T2(n = 148) | T3(n = 148) | ||
| Age(year) | 32.8 ± 10.4 | 31.8 ± 10.2 | 30.8 ± 9.4 | 0.083 |
| Men, n (%) | 14 (9.5) | 28 (18.9) | 53 (36.1) | < 0.001 |
| Overweight and obese, n (%) | 57 (38.5) | 70 (47.3) | 77 (52.4) | 0.053 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 6 (4.1) | 4 (2.7) | 0.342 |
| Physical activity (MET/min/week) | 1059 (480—2481) | 675 (238.5—1440) | 750 (305—1565) | 0.039 |
| SES | 0.115 | |||
| Low | 52 (35.1) | 36 (24.3) | 43 (29.3) | |
| Middle | 44 (29.7) | 65 (43.9) | 57 (38.8) | |
| High | 52 (35.1) | 47 (31.8) | 47 (32) | |
| GHQ | 16.3 ± 6.9 | 17.1 ± 7.2 | 16.4 ± 7.5 | 0.966 |
| ISI score | 9.6 ± 5.7 | 9.3 ± 5.4 | 11.1 ± 6.0 | 0.023 |
| Nutrient Intake | ||||
| Energy (Kcal/d) | 1827 ± 480 | 2412 ± 437 | 3215 ± 625 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 56.0 ± 8.9 | 57.6 ± 6.8 | 60.4 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 14.6 ± 3.2 | 13.5 ± 2.2 | 12.9 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 29.4 ± 8.1 | 28.9 ± 6.8 | 26.7 ± 6.4 | 0.005 |
SES Socioeconomic status, ISI Insomnia severity index, GHQ General health questionnaire
†P for trend was computed using linear regression and Chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively
aData are presented as mean ± SD or median (25–75 interquartile range) for continuous variables and numbers and percentages for categorical variables