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. 2023 Feb 7;22:27. doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01724-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Chromatin-associated nascent RNAs in transcriptional regulation. A Nascent caRNAs can form R-loops at promoter, enhancer and termination regions, especially with G4 structures. The promoter region R-loops and terminator region R-loops can contribute to transcription pausing and termination in cis, respectively. R-loop formation facilitates antisense lncRNA transcription. Nascent eRNAs can act in trans to participate in promoter R-loop formation and gene regulation. B Nascent caRNAs can cooperate with epigenetic factors to regulate gene expression. Nascent caRNAs recruit PCR2 to inactive gene regions and promote H3K27me3 spreading, while in active gene regions, nascent caRNAs can continuously evict PRC2 from chromatin. CaRNAs, Chromatin-associated RNAs; G4, G-quadruplex; PRC2, Polycomb repressive complex 2