Table 2.

Detailed Description of Interventions Evaluating Primary Prevention of Criminal Legal Involvement (CLI).

	Reference	Design	Year	Intervention	Sample	Outcome	Reduce CLI	Detailed CLI Findings
						(Duration Follow-up)
Education	Dodge et al. 2015	RCT	1991-1993	Fast Track program: programming including parents and children for kindergartners deemed high-risk	N=891	Conviction	Yes	Convictions (violent): 30.9% reduction (p=0.04); Convictions (drug): 34.7% reduction (p=0.03). No difference property/public order convictions.
					Youth	(20+ years)
	Reynolds et al. 2001	Quasi	1983-1989	Children-Parent Center: preschool-third grade and wraparound services for students and parents	N=677	Arrest	Yes	Arrest (any): 8% reduction (p<0.001); arrest (violent): 5.2% reduction (p<0.01).
	Giovanelli et al. 2018				Youth	(15+ years)
	Weikart et al. 1998	RCT	1967	High Scope/Perry Preschool: high quality preschool with focus on parental involvement	N=123	Arrest	Yes	Arrest (5+): 28% absolute reduction (p<0.05);
					Youth	(25 years)
	Schweinhart and Weikart 1997	RCT	1967	High Scope/Perry Preschool Curriculum	N=68	Arrest	Yes	Arrest (mean): 0.2 treatment group versus 0.9 control (p=0.04); arrests (property): 0.0 treatment group versus 0.9 control (p=0.01); no difference violent crime arrests.
					Youth	(20 years)
	Campbell et al. 2012	RCT	1972-1977	Abecedarian Project: Intensive early childhood education, no parental component	N=111	Felony/Misdemeanor Conviction	No	No observed difference between treatment groups in risk of criminal conviction.
					Youth	(30 years)
	Deming et al. 2011	RCT	2002	First-choice middle or high school enrollment by random lottery in Charlotte, NC (all male population)	N=44,028	Arrests, Incarcerations	Yes	Arrest: 45% reduction (felony) and 70% reduction (drug felony) for high-risk HS winners.
					Youth	(7 years)		Incarceration: 50% shorter prison sentence length for high-risk lottery winners
	Cullen, et al. 2006	RCT	2000-2001	Attending school of choice in Chicago Public School lottery system	N=19,520	Arrests	Yes	Arrest: 5% reduction (p<0.05)
					Youth
Housing	Kling et al. 2005 and Sciandra et al. 2013	RCT	1994-1998	Moving to Opportunity: housing voucher +/- move to lower poverty neighborhood	N=4643	Arrest	Yes	Females: decreased arrests (property & violent)
					Youth	(10 years)		Males: decreased arrests (violent) increased arrests (property)
Healthcare	Kitzman et al. 2019	RCT	1990-1991	Nurse Family Partnership: Prenatal Care via Home Nurse	N=742	Arrest/Conviction	Yes	Arrests (girls): no differences detected
					Infant	(18 years)		Convictions (girls): 53% reduction among female participants (p=0.08)
								No detectable differences among boys.
	Olds et al. 1997	RCT	1978-1980	Nurse Family Partnership: Prenatal/Infant Care via Home Nurse	N=400	Arrest/Conviction	Yes	Arrests (girls): 77% reduction (p<0.05)
	Olds et al. 1998				Infant	(19 years)		Convictions (girls): 80% reduction (p<0.05)
	Echkenrode et al. 2010							No detectable differences among boys.
								Mothers also found to have significantly fewer arrests and convictions (p<0.10)
	Zun et al. 2006	RCT	1998-1999	Hospital-based violence prevention: intensive case management	N=188	Incarceration/Arrest	No	No detectable differences between the treatment groups.
					Youth	(12 months)
Employment	Heller 2016	RCT	2012	One Summer Plus: 8-week, part-time employment + mentorship	N=1634	Arrest	Yes	Arrests (violent): 43% relative reduction
					Youth	(16 months)
Social Support	Weiss et al. 2013	RCT	(-)	Multisystemic Therapy (MST) – cognitive behavioral therapy + family and school support	N=164	Arrest	No	No detectable differences between the treatment groups.
					Youth	(2.5 years)
	Levine et al. 2019	Quasi	(2001)	Guardian Model: intensive care coordination for client with severe mental illness (SMI) + guardian	N=217	Arrest	Yes	Arrests: 0.25 reduction in arrests (p<.001)
					Adults with SMI	(3 years)

RCT = randomized controlled trial; Quasi = quasi-experimental design; CLI = criminal legal involvement.