Table 3.
Weighted number and prevalence of CKD patients within subgroups of survey participants
| Subgroup | Unweighted No. of CKD patients | Weighted No. of CKD patients (95% CI) | Weighted prevalence of CKD (95% CI) | P value | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All CKD patients | 1,141 | 20,924 | ( | 19,275 | - | 22,573 | ) | ||||||||
| Age ≥ 40 years | <0·001 | * | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 653 | 10,223 | ( | 9,266 | - | 11,180 | ) | 20·7 | ( | 19·0 | - | 22·4 | ) | ||
| No | 488 | 10,701 | ( | 9,251 | - | 12,153 | ) | 10·4 | ( | 9·1 | - | 11·7 | ) | ||
| Sex | 0·005 | * | |||||||||||||
| Women | 725 | 12,043 | ( | 10,817 | - | 13,269 | ) | 14·8 | ( | 13·5 | - | 16·2 | ) | ||
| Men | 416 | 8,881 | ( | 7,836 | - | 9,928 | ) | 12·5 | ( | 11·1 | - | 13·8 | ) | ||
| Ethnicity | <0·001 | * | |||||||||||||
| Maya | 101 | 1,371 | ( | 934 | - | 1,810 | ) | 8·4 | ( | 6·2 | - | 10·6 | ) | ||
| Black | 190 | 5,014 | ( | 4,042 | - | 5,986 | ) | 11·7 | ( | 9·7 | - | 13·8 | ) | ||
| Mestizo/Hispanic | 736 | 12,877 | ( | 11,440 | - | 14,314 | ) | 15·2 | ( | 13·8 | - | 16·7 | ) | ||
| Others | 114 | 1,662 | ( | 1,070 | - | 2,254 | ) | 18·2 | ( | 14·1 | - | 22·3 | ) | ||
| Literacy | 0·036 | * | |||||||||||||
| Literate | 876 | 16,585 | ( | 14,938 | - | 18,232 | ) | 13·3 | ( | 12·1 | - | 14·5 | ) | ||
| Illiterate | 265 | 4,339 | ( | 3,656 | - | 5,024 | ) | 15·5 | ( | 13·5 | - | 17·6 | ) | ||
| Employment | 0·939 | ||||||||||||||
| Employed | 709 | 13,975 | ( | 12,488 | - | 15,462 | ) | 13·7 | ( | 12·4 | - | 15·0 | ) | ||
| Unemployed | 432 | 6,949 | ( | 6,092 | - | 7,806 | ) | 13·8 | ( | 12·3 | - | 15·3 | ) | ||
| District | <0·001 | * | |||||||||||||
| Corozal | 223 | 3,199 | ( | 2,546 | - | 3,852 | ) | 16·6 | ( | 13·5 | - | 19·6 | ) | ||
| Orange Walk | 311 | 3,796 | ( | 3,270 | - | 4,322 | ) | 18·8 | ( | 16·2 | - | 21·4 | ) | ||
| Belize | 185 | 6,237 | ( | 5,076 | - | 7,398 | ) | 13·0 | ( | 10·7 | - | 15·2 | ) | ||
| Cayo | 224 | 5,038 | ( | 3,922 | - | 6,154 | ) | 14·0 | ( | 11·5 | - | 16·5 | ) | ||
| Stann Creek | 97 | 1,556 | ( | 1,098 | - | 2,014 | ) | 9·5 | ( | 6·8 | - | 12·2 | ) | ||
| Toledo | 101 | 1,098 | ( | 790 | - | 1,406 | ) | 8·6 | ( | 6·4 | - | 10·9 | ) | ||
| Residence area | 0·976 | ||||||||||||||
| Rural | 735 | 11,168 | ( | 9,797 | - | 12,539 | ) | 13·7 | ( | 12·2 | - | 15·2 | ) | ||
| Urban | 406 | 9,756 | ( | 8,445 | - | 11,067 | ) | 13·7 | ( | 12·0 | - | 15·4 | ) | ||
| Diabetes | <0·001 | * | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 168 | 2,754 | ( | 2,320 | - | 3,188 | ) | 28·1 | ( | 23·8 | - | 32·3 | ) | ||
| No | 973 | 18,170 | ( | 16,406 | - | 19,934 | ) | 12·7 | ( | 11·6 | - | 13·9 | ) | ||
| Hypertension | <0·001 | * | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 544 | 9,527 | ( | 8,442 | - | 10,612 | ) | 18·5 | ( | 16·7 | - | 20·3 | ) | ||
| No | 597 | 11,397 | ( | 10,082 | - | 12,714 | ) | 11·3 | ( | 10·0 | - | 12·5 | ) | ||
| Hypercholesterolaemia | <0·001 | * | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 601 | 10,804 | ( | 9,548 | - | 12,060 | ) | 17·3 | ( | 15·6 | - | 19·0 | ) | ||
| No | 540 | 10,120 | ( | 8,972 | - | 11,268 | ) | 11·2 | ( | 10·0 | - | 12·4 | ) | ||
| Obesity | <0·001 | * | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 601 | 10,238 | ( | 9,152 | - | 11,324 | ) | 16·4 | ( | 14·8 | - | 18·0 | ) | ||
| No | 540 | 10,686 | ( | 9,400 | - | 11,972 | ) | 11·8 | ( | 10·6 | - | 13·1 | ) | ||
| Gout | 0·003 | * | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 45 | 639 | ( | 456 | - | 821 | ) | 21·6 | ( | 15·6 | - | 27·6 | ) | ||
| No | 1,096 | 20,285 | ( | 18,421 | - | 22,151 | ) | 13·6 | ( | 12·4 | - | 14·7 | ) | ||
| Ever smoked | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 298 | 6,246 | ( | 5,334 | - | 7,158 | ) | 13·3 | ( | 11·5 | - | 15·1 | ) | 0·520 | |
| No | 843 | 14,678 | ( | 13,193 | - | 16,163 | ) | 13·9 | ( | 12·7 | - | 15·2 | ) | ||
| Frequent alcohol consumption | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 130 | 3,170 | ( | 2,458 | - | 3,882 | ) | 12·9 | ( | 10·3 | - | 15·6 | ) | 0·515 | |
| No | 1,011 | 17,754 | ( | 16,099 | - | 19,409 | ) | 13·9 | ( | 12·7 | - | 15·0 | ) | ||
| Ever used NSAIDs | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 522 | 9,483 | ( | 8,411 | - | 10,555 | ) | 13·2 | ( | 11·9 | - | 14·6 | ) | 0·278 | |
| No | 619 | 11,441 | ( | 10,153 | - | 12,731 | ) | 14·1 | ( | 12·7 | - | 15·6 | ) | ||
| Ever used herbal medicines | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 567 | 10,626 | ( | 9,459 | - | 11,793 | ) | 13·9 | ( | 12·5 | - | 15·3 | ) | 0·713 | |
| No | 574 | 10,298 | ( | 9,106 | - | 11,492 | ) | 13·6 | ( | 12·1 | - | 15·0 | ) | ||
| Exercised ≥ 90 min per week | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 182 | 3,820 | ( | 3,114 | - | 4,526 | ) | 13·1 | ( | 10·9 | - | 15·2 | ) | 0·498 | |
| No | 959 | 17,104 | ( | 15,461 | - | 18,747 | ) | 13·9 | ( | 12·7 | - | 15·1 | ) | ||
Note. Variables are weighted using the sampling weights accounting for the population structure in the 2010 census and the estimated size of Belize's population in 2017. CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
⁎
P value ≤ 0·05.