Table 3.
The relationship between Cost of Voting Index and odds for no health insurance controlling for individual and state-level characteristics, stratified by household income 2017
| Odds for No Health Insurance |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample | Household Income ≤35K | Household Income 35K to 75K | Household Income >75K | ||||||
| Adjusted | Adjusted | Adjusted + CPVI | Adjusted | Adjusted + CPVI | Adjusted | Adjusted + CPVI | |||
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | |||
| 95%CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | |||
| State Characteristics | |||||||||
| Cost of Voting Index (COVI) Z-Score | 1.25 | 1.32 | 1.04 | 1.20 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.04 | ||
| (1.22,1.28) | (1.26,1.38) | (1.03,1.06) | (1.16,1.24) | (1.00,1.06) | (0.99,1.11) | (0.98,1.11) | |||
| Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) Z-Score | 0.89 | 1.40 | 1.20 | ||||||
| (0.84,0.94) | (1.32,1.48) | (1.12,1.28) | |||||||
| State Median Income Z-score | 1.00 | 0.84 | 1.22 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 0.78 | 0.94 | ||
| (0.94,1.07) | (0.75,0.93) | (1.16,1.28) | (1.00,1.14) | (0.97,1.09) | (0.71,0.86) | (0.84,1.05) | |||
| Proportion Non-Hispanic Black Z-score | 0.92 | 1.29 | 0.91 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.07 | ||
| (0.88,0.96) | (1.21,1.36) | (0.86,0.95) | (1.00,1.10) | (1.02,1.10) | (0.97,1.11) | (1.00,1.15) | |||
| Proportion Poor Z-score | 0.96 | 0.71 | 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.96 | ||
| (0.90,1.03) | (0.65,0.78) | (0.97,1.06) | (0.89,1.01) | (0.82,0.92) | (0.81,0.99) | (0.87,1.06) | |||
| State Population Z-score | 1.26 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.10 | ||
| (1.23,1.28 | (1.09,1.14) | (1.17,1.20) | (1.14,1.19) | (1.13,1.18) | (1.10,1.19) | (1.06,1.14) | |||
| Individual Characteristics | |||||||||
| Gender (ref: male) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Female | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.75 | 0.75 | |||
| (0.57,0.71) | (0.57,0.71) | (0.73,1.00) | (0.74,1.00) | (0.70,0.80) | (0.70,0.80) | ||||
| Age (ref: 18 to 24 years) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 25 to 34 | 1.44 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.42 | 2.03 | 2.02 | |||
| (1.26,1.65) | (1.26,1.65) | (1.04,1.97) | (1.03,1.97) | (1.83,2.25) | (1.82,2.24) | ||||
| 35 to 44 | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.50 | 1.49 | |||
| (1.09,1.53) | (1.09,1.53) | (1.24,1.87) | (1.23,1.87) | (1.34,1.68) | (1.34,1.67) | ||||
| 45 to 54 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.18 | 1.18 | |||
| (0.81,1.06) | (0.81,1.06) | (0.82,1.39) | (0.82,1.39) | (1.06,1.32) | (1.05,1.32) | ||||
| 55 to 64 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 0.87 | |||
| (0.50,0.66) | (0.50,0.66) | (0.58,0.78) | (0.57,0.77) | (0.77,0.99) | (0.77,0.98) | ||||
| Race (ref: White) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.17 | |||
| (0.89,1.17) | (0.89,1.17) | (1.02,1.35) | (1.03,1.36) | (1.03,1.32) | (1.03,1.33) | ||||
| Hispanic | 2.28 | 2.28 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 1.55 | 1.56 | |||
| (1.97,2.64) | (1.97,2.64) | (1.29,2.13) | (1.30, 2.14) | (1.41,1.70) | (1.42,1.70) | ||||
| Asian | 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 1.16 | 1.16 | |||
| (0.94,1.41) | (0.94,1.41) | (0.26,1.27) | (0.26,1.31) | (0.96,1.40) | (0.96,1.41) | ||||
| Native | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.78 | 0.76 | |||
| (0.40,1.04) | (0.40,1.04) | (0.18,1.36) | (0.17,1.29) | (0.57,1.05) | (0.56,1.04) | ||||
| Other | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.53 | 1.52 | 1.34 | 1.33 | |||
| (0.85,1.16) | (0.85,1.16) | (1.08,2.17) | (1.07,2.16) | (1.16,1.55) | (1.15,1.54) | ||||
| Marital Status (ref: married) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Single | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 2.15 | 2.16 | |||
| (0.97,1.27) | (0.97,1.27) | (1.03,1.34) | (1.03,1.34) | (2.02,2.30) | (2.02,2.30) | ||||
| Education (ref: less than high school) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| High School | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.45 | |||
| (0.58,0.75) | (0.58,0.75) | (0.33,0.47) | (0.33,0.46) | (0.41.49) | (0.41,0.50) | ||||
| Some College | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | |||
| (0.39,0.51) | (0.39,0.51) | (0.21,0.35) | (0.20,0.34) | (0.24,0.30) | (0.24,0.30) | ||||
| College degree | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||
| (0.29,0.40) | (0.29,0.41) | (0.12,0.19) | (0.11,0.19) | (0.12,0.15) | (0.12,0.15) | ||||