Table 3.
Characteristics of Pediatric Studies with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) on Compliance of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Machine (CPAP): Included Studies for a Meta-Analysis
| Study | Year | Country | Study Aim | Study Design | Age | Male Sex/Total | Comorbidities | AHI (Events/Hour)a | Factors of Interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alebraheem40 | 2018 | Canada | Find predictors and barriers for CPAP | Qualitative | 11–17 years | 13/21 (61.9%) | Obesity, Chiari malformation, renal transplant, sickle cell diseases, narcolepsy, NAFLD, MPS, mitochondrial disease | 14.1 (13.9) | Restriction of the tubing, the discomfort of the mask, and concerns with its size and weight |
| Avis41 | 2019 | USA | CPAP therapy and pedestrian injury | Prospective | 8–16 years | 17/29 (58.6%) | Obesity | 10.7 (15.0) | CPAP improved daytime functioning |
| Beebe42 | 2011 | USA | CPAP and academic function | Prospective | 10–16 years | 9/13 (69.2%) | Obesity | 10.0 (6.8)* 9.3 (5.7)** |
Academic grade, vigilance, academic quality of life |
| Hawkins43 | 2016 | USA | Factors associated with CPAP adherence | Retrospective | NA | 76/140 (52.3%) | NA | 20.3 (26.8)*, 16.5 (21.2)** |
Female sex and developmental delay |
| Katz44 | 2020 | Canada | Factors associated with CPAP adherence in children with obesity | Prospective, substudy | 8–16 years | 13/14 (92.9%) | Obese, moderate to severe OSA | 12.2 (7.1–36.4) | Age, AHI, lowest oxygen saturation, highest carbon dioxide |
| Lynch45 | 2019 | USA | Evaluated CPAP adherence on quality of life | Prospective, substudy | 8–16 years with caregiver | 16/25 (64.0%) | NA | 13.15 (19.58)*, 10.45 (7.62)** | CPAP adherence improved quality of life |
| Nathan46 | 2013 | Singapore | Factors associated with CPAP adherence | Retrospective | 8–13 years | 36/51 (70.6%) | Obesity, asthma, allergic rhinitis, large tonsils/adenoids, neurodevelopmental delay, chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, neuromuscular disease | 24.75 (6.7–53.8)*, 12.5 (5.7, 29.2)** |
Female gender and asthma |
| Nixon47 | 2011 | Australia | Factors associated with CPAP adherence | Retrospective | NA | 21/30 (70.0%) | Down syndrome, craniofacial syndrome, intellectual disability | NA | Usage in the first week |
| Prashad48 | 2013 | USA | Factors associated with CPAP adherence | Qualitative | 12–18 years | 15/21 (71.4%) | Obesity, developmental disabilities | 25.4 (24.6) | Adolescent and family experience |
| Roberts49 | 2016 | USA | CPAP use and facial change | Retrospective cohort | 0–18 years | 57/100 (57%) | NA | 17.61 (19.80)*, 12.03 (19.12)** | CPAP may change facial growth |
| Simon50 | 2012 | USA | Factors associated with CPAP adherence | Cross-sectional | 8–17 years | NA | Obesity | 22.59 (25.48)*, 14.63 (19.28)** | Age, OSA symptoms |
| Tovichien51 | 2022 | Thailand | CPAP versus APAP adherence | Prospective | NA | 17 (63%) | Obesity, Duchenne muscular diseases, allergic rhinitis, Down syndrome, asthma | 24 (19) | Age, sex, AHI, oronasal mask, lower maternal education, discomfort from CPAP, lack of clinical benefits |
Notes: aMean (SD) or median (1st-3rd quartile range); *Indicating adherent group; **Indicating non-adherent group.
Abbreviations: NA, not available; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MPS, mucopolysaccharidosis; APAP, automatic CPAP.