TABLE 5.
Qualitative analysis and example quotes of negative COVID-19 impacts among diagnostic groups.
| AD (n = 54) | AUD (n = 32) | AD + AUD (n = 50) | ||||||
| Thematic scheme | Codes | Classification | *n (%) | Classification | *n (%) | Classification | *n (%) | Quotes |
| Increased psychological distress | Variant | 24 (44.4%) | Variant | 14 (43.8%) | Typical | 30 (60.0%) | ||
| Negative mood impact | 9 (37.5%) | 1 (7.1%) | 9 (30%) | “I’m depressed and lonely. I’m stir crazy. Bored. Sad. Worried. And broke.” (AD + AUD) | ||||
| Increased anxiety/stress | 9 (37.5%) | 1 (7.1%) | 7 (23.3%) | “My cravings for alcohol increased and I became more anxious.” (AD+AUD) | ||||
| Increased substance use | 6 (25.0%) | 12 (85.7%) | 14 (46.7%) | Just bad (because) one is looking for something to use to pass time. “It sucks.” (AUD) | ||||
| Negative social impact | Rare | 10 (18.5%) | Variant | 9 (28.1%) | Variant | 16 (32.0%) | ||
| Loneliness/isolation | 7 (70%) | 7 (77.7%) | 13 (81.3%) | “I feel so lonely so I get drunk or use substances to cheer myself up.” (AD+AUD) | ||||
| Relationship impact | 3 (30%) | 2 (22.2%) | 3 (18.8%) | “Poor relationships and I feel angry all the time.” (AUD) | ||||
| Reduced access to recreational options | Variant | 13 (24.1%) | Variant | 8 (25%) | Rare | 10 (20%) | ||
| Travel interference | 4 (30.8%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | “It is a little depression going through a mid west winter without a trip or outing to energize me. I usually have a trip planned but nothing this year.” (AD) | ||||
| Boredom | 1 (7.7%) | 1 (12.5%) | 3 (33.3%) | “I never drank before, but now I do more often out of boredom.” (AD) | ||||
| Reduced ability to engage in activities due to restrictions | 8 (61.5%) | 6 (75%) | 7 (70.0%) | “Can’t travel, can’t play cards with friends, can’t go outside anymore, can’t eat out at restaurants.” (AD) | ||||
| Difficulties making and/or maintaining a living | Rare | 5 (9.3%) | Rare | 4 (12.5%) | Rare | 2 (4.0%) | ||
| Employment/job issues | 3 (60%) | 2 (50%) | 1 (50%) | “I’ve been drinking more and my hours at work were cut.” (AUD) | ||||
| Financial/monetary issues | 2 (40%) | 2 (50%) | 1 (50%) | “It’s just very difficult to make ends meet and I can not find a job.” (AUD) | ||||
| Fear of COVID-19 infection | Rare | 4 (7.4%) | Rare | 1 (2.9%) | Rare | 2 (4.0%) | “Just stressed about getting it and dying.” (AD) | |
| General negative impacts | Rare | 4 (7.4%) | Rare | 3 (9.3%) | Rare | 3 (6.0%) | “What am I supposed to say. This Corona thing made everything even worse.” (AD+AUD) | |
| Physical/sleep/health impacts | Rare | 3 (5.6%) | Rare | 1 (2.9%) | Rare | 5 (10.0%) | “Even though I have free time, I don’t feel motivated to anything like study, improve my mind, or exercise.” (AD) | |
*Frequency of thematic schemes was calculated based on total responses in diagnostic group. Frequency of codes was calculated based on total responses in thematic scheme.