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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 7.
Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014 Nov 10;20(10):961–970. doi: 10.1017/S1355617714000885

Table 2.

Multivariate adjusted mean (z-scores) (and SE) for each cognitive outcome across increment levels of HDL-cholesterol (N = 540)

Cognitive outcomea Modelb HDL-cholesterol category
 R 2 c Effectf size p linear
HDL <40 mg/dL
Poor, n = 76
 HDL 40–49 mg/dL
Fair, n = 162
 HDL 50–59 mg/dL
Good, n = 121
 HDL ≥60 mg/dL
Very good, n = 181
M SE M SE M SE M SE
Global Composite Basic −.324 .094 −.019d .064 −.099 .072 .220de .061 .367 0.54 <.001
Extended −.230 .101 −.026 .066 −.100 .075 .178de .068 .396 0.41 .006
Visual-Spatial Memory Basic −.144 .099 −.061 .067 −.105 .077 .183de .065 .294 0.33 .015
Extended −.086 .106 −.059 .069 −.105 .080 .173 .072 .324 0.26 .10
Verbal Memory Basic −.177 .109 −.036 .074 −.101 .085 .175 .071 .145 0.35 .019
Extended −.110 .122 −.063 .079 −.086 .091 .130 .082 .155 0.24 .17
Working Memory Basic −.452 .109 .025d .074 −.115 .085 .237d .071 .152 0.69 <.001
Extended −.400 .120 .011d .078 −.123 .090 .192d .081 .157 0.59 .001
Scanning Tracking Basic −.290 .097 .037d .066 −.001 .075 .088d .063 .330 0.38 .004
Extended −.195 .104 .033 .068 .006 .078 .060 .070 .348 0.26 .09
Similarities Basic −.287 .102 −.030 .069 −.080 .079 .198de .067 .257 0.49 <.001
Extended −.124 .112 .009 .073 −.086 .084 .107 .076 .267 0.23 .20
MMSE Basic −.430 .106 −.039d .072 −.032d .082 .237de .069 .198 0.67 <.001
Extended −.256 .113 −.002 .074 −.065 .085 .195d .076 .209 0.45 .006

Notes. HDL = high-density lipoprotein; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.

a

ANOVA performed for Global Composite score; MANOVA included: Visual-Spatial Memory, Verbal Memory, Working Memory, Scanning Tracking, Similarities, and MMSE.

b

Basic model: adjusted for age, education, gender, ethnicity; Extended model: adjusted for Basic + BMI, smoking, alcohol, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, CVD, cholesterol medications, physical activity, CES-D and APOE ε4.

c

Adjusted R2 for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni).

d

significantly different from HDL <40 mg/dL group.

e

significantly different from HDL 50–59 mg/dL group.

f

effect size is the categorical regression coefficient obtained from logistic regression analyses, comparing the highest HDL group (≥60 mg/dL) with the reference (lowest HDL group, <40 mg/dL).